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Research report on agrarian reform in El Salvador - comments on agrarian structure, violence and repression, reform, attitudes of landowners, small and tenant farmers and landless rural workers, role of USA in financing programme, etc., and includes texts of basic legislation of agrarian reform No. 153, 1980, and related decrees. Maps and references.
Although El Salvador has recorded impressive overall economic growth in the 1990s, during this period, agricultural growth has lagged considerably below the rest of the economy, which raises concerns about the long-run capacity of the sector to raise incomes and employment in rural areas and contribute to overall growth. The main objectives of this sector review are twofold: to develop a strategy to revitalize the agricultural sector and realize its full potential for efficient and sustainable growth by enhancing competitiveness; and to present the main findings of the analysis of rural poverty and develop its implications for the design of a strategy for poverty alleviation.
El Salvador is a small developing country that has undergone important processes of agrarian change and suffered the consequences of a 12-year civil war which ended with a peace agreement in the 1990s. Economic reforms have given insufficient weight to history, institutions and politics. This book will show that to improve their efficiency, there is a need to consider how both economic and political variables have affected social structures and institutions. To be sustainable reforms should aim at an appropriate balance between growth and distribution. The outcomes of this research question some commonly accepted theses on agrarian transformation, state autonomy and the role of economic policy and foreign intervention in El Salvador and Central America in general.
Two of the leading U.S. experts on Central America provide the definitive study of the history and reality of the situation in El Salvador through the early 1980s.
This book, Land, Power, and Poverty, explores the development of the rigid and unequal structures of rural Central American society and the role in the conflicts of five governments of the region Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.
Since the first edition of this book appeared in 1982, El Salvador has experienced the most radical social change in its history. Ten years of civil war, in which a tenacious and creative revolutionary movement battled a larger, better-equipped, US-supported army to a standstill, have ended with 20 months of negotiations and a peace accord that promises to change the course of Salvadorean society and politics. This book traces the history of El Salvador, focusing on the oligarchy and the armed forces, that shaped the Salvadorean army and political system. Concentrating on the period since 1960, the author sheds new light on the US role in the increasing militarization of the country and the origins of the oligarchy-army rupture in 1979. Separate chapters deal with the Catholic church and the revolutionary organizations, which challenged the status quo after 1968. In the new edition, Dr Montgomery continues the story from 1982 to the present, offering a detailed account of the evolution of the war. She examines why Duarte's two inaugural promises, peace and economic prosperity could not be fulfilled and analyzes the electoral victory of the oligarchy in 1989. The final chapters closely follow the peace negotiations, ending with an assessment of the peace accords, and evaluate the future prospects for El Salvador and for the 1994 elections.
The resolution of the civil war in El Salvador coincided with the end of the Cold War. After two years of negotiations and a decade-long effort to implement the peace accords, this work examines how peace was made and whether it has endured.
With the resignation of General Renee Emilio Ponce in March 1993, the Salvadorian army's sixty-year domination of El Salvador came to an end. The country's January 1992 peace accords stripped the military of the power it once enjoyed, placing many areas under civilian rule. Establishing civilian control during the transition to democracy was no easy task, especially for a country that had never experienced even a brief period of democracy in its history.In Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador's Transition to Democracy, Phillip J. Williams and Knut Walter argue that prolonged military rule produced powerful obstacles that limited the possibilities for demilitarization in the wake of the peace accords. The failure of the accords to address several key aspects of the military's political power had important implications for the democratic transition and for future civil-military relations.Drawing on an impressive array of primary source materials and interviews, this book will be valuable to students, scholars, and policy makers concerned with civil-military relations, democratic transitions, and the peace process in Central America.
Before social unrest shook the region in the 1970s, Central America experienced more than a decade of rapid export growth by adding cotton and beef to the traditional coffee and bananas. Williams shows how the rapid growth contributed to the present social and political crisis, examines the causes of the export boom and who benefited from it, and shows the impact of the boom on land use, the ecology, and the conditions of life in the rural areas.