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En los últimos tiempos estamos asistiendo, tanto en nuestro país como en la esfera internacional, a un interés creciente por las cuestiones relacionadas con el derecho a la reparación y el papel que puede jugar la memoria como elemento necesario para que florezca la verdad, se haga justicia y, así, se pongan las bases para una auténtica reconciliación. La memoria se ha convertido en una categoría ético-filosófica, política y jurídica, convirtiendo el recuerdo en un auténtico deber moral, en un antídoto contra la barbarie y el olvido en que han caído muchas veces las víctimas de las violaciones de los derechos humanos más básicos. Este proyecto de investigación pretende una aproximación interdisciplinar y global al complejo fenómeno de la reparación y la memoria histórica. Tras la aproximación moral que figura en el prólogo del psiquiatra Carlos Castilla del Pino, nos adentramos en el análisis del derecho a la reparación en el ámbito internacional, que ha registrado una espectacular evolución en los últimos tiempos de la mano de las Naciones Unidas. El segundo capítulo aborda una mirada interdisciplinar al complejo fenómeno de la memoria, con atalayas tan diversas como la filosofía, la ética, la psicología social, la literatura o el cine. A continuación, cedemos la voz a las memorias excluidas, aquellas que se han visto marginadas desde las narrativas oficiales de la historia; las mujeres, los pueblos indígenas, las minorías nacionales o los homosexuales son algunos de los grupos a los que hemos querido convocar a este proceso de recuperación furtiva de memorias políticamente incorrectas. En el cuarto capítulo hemos querido arrojar luz sobre el actual debate en torno a la memoria histórica en España y, finalmente, hemos otorgado un lugar preferente a la auténtica protagonista en todo proceso de reparaciones y de recuperación de la memoria: la sociedad civil y, en particular, las víctimas.
The public authorities have not successfully resolved the management of the traumatic memory of the wars, dictatorships and massacres to which the European project was always intended to be a counterpoint. The conflict of memories and the public discourses about the past are latent on ideological, political and cultural levels. However, if in the past the conflict concerning memories tended to develop inside the borders of countries, it has now leapt into the European arena. This has also led to the confrontation and questioning of the great narratives established in the common memory, especially with countries of the East joining the European Union. Each community, group or nation maintains common memories that do not always fit in or converge with a general overall account. The origins of the UB Solidarity Foundation’s European Observatory on Memories lie in these debates, and through this book — which includes the contributions of specialists in multiple disciplines and the speeches that were given at the first international symposium, “Memory and Power: A Transnational Perspective” — it hopes to present some of the key challenges that this conflict of memories has in store for us in the present and in the future.
In a consolidated democracy, amnesties and pardons do not sit well with equality and a separation of powers; however, these measures have proved useful in extreme circumstances, such as transitions from dictatorships to democracies, as has occurred in Greece, Portugal and Spain. Focusing on Spain, this book analyses the country's transition, from the antecedents from 1936 up to the present, within a comparative European context. The amnesties granted in Greece, Portugal and Spain saw the release of political prisoners, but in Spain amnesty was also granted to those responsible for the grave violations of human rights which had been committed for 40 years. The first two decades of the democracy saw copious normative measures that sought to equate the rights of all those who had benefitted from the amnesty and who had suffered or had been damaged by the civil war. But, beyond the material benefits that accompanied it, this amnesty led to a sort of wilful amnesia which forbade questioning the legacy of Francoism. In this respect, Spain offers a useful lesson insofar as support for a blanket amnesty – rather than the use of other solutions within a transitional justice framework, such as purges, mechanisms to bring the dictatorship to trial for crimes against humanity, or truth commissions – can be traced to a relative weakness of democracy, and a society characterised by the fear of a return to political violence. This lesson, moreover, is framed here against the background of the evolution of amnesties throughout the twentieth century, and in the context of international law. Crucially, then, this analysis of what is now a global reference point for comparative studies of amnesties, provides new insights into the complex relationship between democracy and the varying mechanisms of transitional justice.