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Potosí, a mining center in what is now Bolivia, was the most productive source of silver in the Spanish American Empire between the mid-1500's and the late seventeenth century. Much of this success was attributable, at least initially, to the mita, a system of draft Indian labor instituted by Viceroy Francisco do Toledo in 1573 for the working of the silver mines and refineries. Bitter debate swirled around the mita during most of its 250-year history. It was assailed by its enemies as a form of servitude worse than slavery and accused of depopulating the provinces subject to it, yet it was supported by many, however reluctantly, who believed that the Spanish Empire depended on Potosí silver for its survival. The author traces the evolution of the mita from its inception to the end of the Hapsburg epoch in 1700. The primary focus is on the metamorphosis of the mita under the pressures of changing production realities at Potosí and demographic developments in the provinces from which the Indians were drafted. The author describes the role of native headmen (kurakas) in the system, the means used by Indians to evade service, and the efforts of the mining guild to tailor the mita to its needs. The secondary focus is on the Hapsburg government's administration of the mita, especially those factors that prevented the Crown or its viceroys from being fully effective.
Many books have been written about Juan Ponce de Leon. Many of them fall short because not enough research has been done on the man's life, his ancestors and who his legitimate wife was. The author has spent over ten years researching within the Ministry of Culture Spain to retrieve documents and has come away with some new and exciting discoveries. This book has been written for the historian as well as the amateur genealogist. John Browne Ayes is an experienced Biogeographical DNA Genealogist and Paleographologist. He has had his yDNA and mtDNA tested and has used the scientific results to empower his research and discovery project which is his personal family genealogy.
Studies of seventeenth-century New Mexico have largely overlooked the soldiers and frontier settlers who formed the backbone of the colony and laid the foundations of European society in a distant outpost of Spain's North American empire. This book, the final volume in the Coronado Historical Series, recognizes the career of Juan Domínguez de Mendoza, a soldier-colonist who was as instrumental as any governor or friar in shaping Hispano-Indian society in New Mexico. Domínguez de Mendoza served in New Mexico from age thirteen to fifty-eight as a stalwart defender of Spain's interests during the troubled decades before the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. Because of his successful career, the archives of Mexico and Spain provide extensive information on his activities. The documents translated in this volume reveal more cooperative relations between Spaniards and Pueblo Indians than previously understood.
This book packs the five issues of the Bibliography of Latin American Bibliographies from 1980 t o 1984 in one volume. Organized by subject area, this work covers topics in Latin America and theCarribbean, listing articles in journals and other periodicals alnog with other sources.
DIVCollection of essays which compares the gendered aspects of state formation in Latin Ameri can nations and includes new material arising out of recent feminist work in history, political science and sociology./div
Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, competing European empires, notably Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, and others vied for commercial and political control of transoceanic networks, particularly the transpacific routes between Asia and the Americas. The essays in Transpacific Engagements: Trade, Translation, and Visual Culture of Entangled Empires (1565–1898) address the resulting cultural and artistic exchanges with an emphasis on both the Spanish and American enterprises in the Asia-Pacific region. The essays are grouped into three parts entitled “Entangled Empires,” “Empires and Translations,” and “Empires and Trade.” A common thread in the diverse perspectives presented here is the importance of transpacific engagements to the global connections of the sixteenth century and beyond. While the focus is on the specific connection between the Asia-Pacific region and the Americas through the Philippines, we see how other parts of the world, notably South and Southeast Asia and Europe, were also participants impacted by these transpacific linkages. The goal is to convey the complexity of entangled networks of commercial, political, and religious interests that complicate the Spanish enterprise in the Pacific. Commercial ventures into Canton and Manila by the early American republic, for example, overlapped with and later replaced the Spanish galleons. East, South, and Southeast Asian polities and dynasties remained powerful players in what were often multilateral, rather than bilateral, exchanges. Contributors to this volume are based in Asia, the Americas, and Europe.
Iberian Books II & III presents an indispensable foundational listing of everything known to have been published in Spain, Portugal and the New World, or of items printed in Spanish or Portuguese elsewhere, during the first half of the seventeenth century. Drawing on library catalogues, specialist bibliographies and studies, as well as auction catalogue records, Iberian Books lists 45,000 items, and the locations of some 215,000 copies surviving in 1,800 collections worldwide. These volumes offer a powerful research tool which will appeal to researchers, librarians and to the book selling and collecting communities. They will prove invaluable to anyone with a research interest in the literature, history and culture of the Iberian Peninsula in the early modern age. This set supplements Iberian Books, which logs the Iberian print production up to 1601. Los dos volúmenes de Iberian Books II & III ofrecen un registro pionero de todos los impresos publicados en España, Portugal y el Nuevo Mundo, o en español o portugués en otros lugares, entre 1601 y 1650. A partir del trabajo realizado en bibliotecas, la revisión de bibliografías especializadas y de catálogos de casas de subastas, Iberian Books recoge 45.000 impresos conservados en 215.000 ejemplares preservados en 1.800 colecciones de todo el mundo. Estos volúmenes ofrecen una herramienta de investigación de gran utilidad para investigadores, bibliotecarios, libreros y coleccionistas. Los dos volúmenes resultarán de enorme valor a todo aquel investigador interesado en la literatura, la historia y la cultura de la Península Ibérica de la Edad Moderna.