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IFIs provide funding for SMEs, but what impact does this actually have on these firms? This working paper assesses the impact of funding by the EIB on the performance of more than 5,000 SMEs in eight countries in Central and Eastern Europe during 2008-2014. Using propensity score matching and difference-in-difference estimation exercises, it indicates that EIB lending has had a positive effect on employment, revenues and profitability. This holds whether or not the economy is in a period of crisis or recovery.
We use the association between non-financial firms and their banks, an information available in the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS), to disentangle the effects of borrowers' and lenders' financial weakness on the satisfaction with the loan contracted. The dataset matches survey data of non-financial firms about their satisfaction with bank lending with their financial data and the financial data of their banks. We find evidence of both demand and supply factors determining firm satisfaction with bank loan financing: non-financial firms with weaker finances and those financed by weaker banks are less satisfied with their bank financing. We also find that the impact of supply factors differs across regions within the EU: the effect of bank's financial weakness on borrower satisfaction is not significant in core countries but is in periphery countries.
With the European Commission’s announcement of the Capital Markets Union in 2016, a major step was at last taken to provide for the special needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This book presents the first in-depth legal analysis of the challenges that SMEs have to face when managing their balance sheets and trying to attract investors, what alternative financing tools are most effective and how recent legislation reaches fair and convenient conditions for SMEs. The analysis focuses specifically on the Capital Markets Union structure and on other European initiatives that support and enhance SMEs’ raising money on capital markets in order to better diversify their investments and plan a growth and development strategy. An updated description of the European framework is provided, together with references to relevant national systems. Issues and topics covered include the following: need for long-lasting access to funds; securitization for SMEs; SME Z-score; crowdfunding; and peer-to-peer, minibond and accounts receivables financing. Case study analyses furnish a deep understanding of the financial structures and their main features. Appendices include English texts of the main European Union (EU) legal documents pertaining to SMEs. For SMEs discouraged by over-regulation designed for larger businesses, and who find themselves in difficulties when they have to face the required process, this book will prove to be of immeasurable practical value. This book represents one of the first publications on SMEs and finance and contains data and information resulting from a deep and well-focused research on the topic. The added value of this study will allow the academics to understand the main issues related to this topic and will provide for a steady basis for further research and analysis with regards to law and economics for SMEs. Furthermore, it will be also warmly welcomed by practitioners in the area of SME financing and will be useful to support them in the selection of the most appropriate tools for their clients. Banks and interested EU officials will also value its clear and straightforward approach to the subject.
The Europe Union's massive efforts to rebuild after the coronavirus pandemic present a unique opportunity to transform its economy, making it more green and digital – and ultimately more competitive. The Investment Report 2020-2021 looks at the toll the pandemic took on European firms' investment and future plans, as well as their efforts to meet the demands of climate change and the digital revolution. The report's analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While providing a snapshot of the heavy toll the pandemic took on some forms of investment, the report also offers hope by pointing out the economic areas in which Europe remains strong, such as technologies that combine green and digital innovation.
Designed to assist managers in companies of any size to understand the nature of project financing in the new European Community, enabling them to anticipate the requirements of project finance institutions. Coverage includes new sources of project finance, the changing criteria of large project financial organizations, the most popular financing techniques, cross-border projects, Russian privatization, emerging markets and the distribution of resources across the EC. Features numerous case studies of project finance.
Energy audits play an important role in promoting energy-efficiency measures in SMEs. This paper uses EIB Investment Survey data about energy audits and energy-efficiency investments of some 12,500 signatures from EU28 Member States per year. It suggests that: Energy audits are a useful tool for overcoming the information barriers and facilitating investments in energy-efficiency measures They are more important for small firms and for investments in things such as such as lighting, wall insulation etc. than in production processes such as the replacement of machinery and equipment The beneficial impact of energy audits ceases to exist, however, when firms are finance constrained Information campaigns are one of the most efficient available instruments among other instruments (regulatory, financial and voluntary agreements) for promoting energy audits in SMEs.
In its fourth edition, this report focuses on recent developments in Africa's banking sectors and the policy options for all stakeholders. The study of banking sectors across all African sub-regions includes the results of the EIB survey of banking groups operating in Africa. Three thematic chapters address challenges and opportunities for financing investment in Africa: Crowding out of private sector lending by public debt issuance The state of bank recovery and resolution laws in Africa Policy options on how to finance infrastructure development. The report finds that in many African banking markets, the last two years saw a pause in financial deepening. However, a rising share of banking groups report improving market conditions and plan a structural expansion of their operations in Africa and a continued push for new technologies.
Countries in the MENAP and CCA regions have the lowest levels of financial inclusion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the world. The paper provides empirical evidence on the drivers of SME access to finance for a large sample of countries, and identifies key policy priorities for these two regions: economic and institutional stability, competition, public sector size and government effectiveness, credit information infrastructure (e.g., credit registries), the business environment (e.g., legal frameworks for contract enforcement), and financial supervisory and regulatory capacity. The analysis also shows that improving credit information, economic competition, the business environment along with economic development and better governance would help close the SME financial inclusion gap between MENAP and CCA regions and the best performers. The paper concludes on the need to adopt holistic policy strategies that take into account the full range of macro and institutional requirements and reforms, and prioritize these reforms in accordance with each country’s specific characteristics.
The Investment Report, issued annually by the European Investment Bank, provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of investment and the financing of investment in the European Union. It combines the exploration of investment trends with in-depth analysis, focusing especially on the drivers and barriers to investment activity. The report leverages on a unique set of databases and survey data, including EIBIS, an annual survey of 13 500 firms in Europe, which focuses on their assessment of investment and investment finance conditions, and which allows analysis with firm balance sheet information. The report provides critical inputs to policy debates on the need for public action on investment, and on the types of intervention that can have the greatest impact.
Austrian citizens enjoy high living standards, well-being and social cohesion. Until the ongoing global slowdown, robust employment growth in the private sector kept domestic demand and investment remarkably robust. More people moved into work and inward migration has been strong. At the same time, new challenges related to social cohesion challenges have emerged, as increased skill differences in the population and diverging productivity performance across firms have generated a higher range of outcomes for job quality and market wages than in the past. Myriad entrepreneurial firms across all regions should better adapt to new megatrends of ageing, globalisation and digitalisation.