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The United States has had a tumultuous monetary and banking history. The bitter Bank War during Andrew Jackson’s presidency meant that the country never developed a central bank in the 1800s. The pre–Civil War monetary standard was deflationary until the fortuitous California gold discovery. Political turmoil erupted later in the nineteenth century over whether the government should freely coin silver. Meanwhile, Congress imposed a banking system that virtually drove bank reserves into stock market speculation. Even when the Federal Reserve was finally established in 1913, it was initially decentralized and unable to effectively respond to the Great Depression. From this narrative emerges a money supply increasingly managed by central banking authorities and increasingly nationalized with the end of the gold standard. Efficient Macro Concept: U.S. Monetary, Industrial, and Foreign Exchange Policies shows that the next step forward is a set of industrial and foreign exchange policy options for driving real growth in the economy. Stronger economic growth is possible through specialized institutions and transactions rooted in the tradition of central banking but flexible and compatible with free enterprise and balanced budgets.
1. Macro Economics, 2. National Income Accounting, 3. Concept of GDP and National Income, 4. Concept of Circular Flow of Income, 5. National Income : Definition, Measurement and Aggregates, 6. National Income and Economic Welfare, 7. National Income at Current Prices and Constant Prices : Nominal and Real Income and Limitation of GDP Concept, 8. Concepts of Actual GDP, Potential GDP and Aggregate Expenditure, 9. Say’s Law of Aggregate Expenditure or SAY’s Law of Market, 10. Keynesian Theory of Aggregate Expenditure : Equilibrium National Income, 11. Consumption function and Psychological Law of Consumption, 12. The Saving Function, 13. Investment Function, 14. Marginal Efficiency of Capital, 15. Investment Multiplier, 16. Theory of Accelerator, 17. Determination of Equilibrium National Income, 18. National Income Determination : A Three Sector Closed Economy Model, 19. National Income Determination : A Four Sector Open Economy Model, 20. Concept of Money in Modern Economy, 21. Role (Importance) of Money : In Capitalist, Socialist and Mixed Economies, 22. Money Supply : Monetary Aggregates, 23. Demand for Money, 24. Theory of Money : Quantity Theory and Cambridge Theory, 25. Liquidity Preference and Rate of Interest, 26. Creation of Credit by Banks, 27. Monetary Policy, Reserve Bank of India and Monetary Control or Monetary Policy of India.
For SAS programmers or analysts who need to generalize their programs or improve programming efficiency, Art Carpenter thoroughly updates his highly successful second edition of Carpenter's Complete Guide to the SAS Macro Language with an extensive collection of new macro language techniques and examples. Addressing the composition and operation of the SAS macro facility and the SAS macro language, this third edition offers nearly 400 ready-to-use macros, macro functions, and macro tools that enable you to convert SAS code to macros, define macro variables, and more! Users with a basic understanding of Base SAS who are new to the SAS macro language will find more detail, utilities, and references to additional learning opportunities; advanced macro language programmers who need help with data-driven macros and dynamic application development will find greatly expanded treatment of these topics. This revised and enlarged edition includes the following topics: New and expanded introduction to the macro language Functions, automatic macro variables, and macro statements new to the macro language Expanded macro language tools that interface with the operating system Expanded data-driven methodologies used to build dynamic applications Expanded discussion of list processing, with four alternative approaches presented Additional file and data management examples Expanded discussion of CALL EXECUTE and DOSUBL New discussion of using the macro language on remote servers Expanded discussion and examples of macro quoting Far beyond a reference manual issued from an “ivory tower,” this book is pragmatic and example-driven: Yes, you will find syntax examples; yes, the code is explained. But the focus of this book is on actual code used to solve real-world business problems. In fact, an entire appendix is dedicated to listing the nearly 70 classes of problems that are solved by programs covered in this edition. Discussion of the examples elucidates the pros and cons of the particular solution and often suggests alternative approaches. Therefore, this book provides you both a compendium of reusable and adaptable code, and opportunities for deepening your understanding and growing as a SAS programmer.
The book contains state-of the-art reviews in the area of effective properties of heterogeneous materials - the classical field at interface of materials science and solid mechanics. The primary focus is on thermo-mechanical properties, materials science applications, as well as computational aspects and new opportunities provided by rapidly increasing computer powers. The reviews are at the level that is appropriate for a substantial community of researchers working in this field, both at universities and in the industry, and to graduate students. The book can be used as supplementary reading to graduate level courses.
During the last few years, parallel object-relational database management systems have emerged as the leading data management technology on the market. These systems are extensible by user-defined data types and user-defined functionality for the data. This work focuses on the efficient parallel execution of user-defined functionality. The main contributions describe techniques to support data parallelism for user-defined scalar and aggregate functions and intra-function parallelism for the execution of a scalar function on a large object, and a new technology to provide extensibility with regard to new set-oriented database operations that can efficiently implement user-defined functionality in parallel object-relational database management systems.
Key Concepts in Strategic Management is one of a range of comprehensive glossaries with entries arranged alphabetically for easy reference. All major concepts, terms, theories and theorists are incorporated and cross-referenced. Additional reading and Internet research opportunities are identified. More complex terminology is made clearer with numerous diagrams and illustrations. With over 500 key terms defined, the book represents a comprehensive must-have reference for anyone studying a business-related course or those simply wishing to understand what strategic management is all about. It will be especially useful as a revision aid.
The countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been through a profound transition process for more than a decade now. The financial sectors and markets in the region have been subject to major structural reforms including privatization, liberalization and the acquisition by foreign banks of controlling interests in local financial institutions. This important new book includes papers that chart this process. Topics discussed include the implications of future EU membership, and the strategies pursued by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.