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An investigation has been conducted on the influence of impact machine variables and specimen positioning on characteristic forces and absorbed energies from instrumented Charpy tests. Brittle and ductile fracture behavior has been investigated by testing NIST reference samples of low-, high-, and super-high-energy levels. Test machine variables included tightness of foundation, anvil and striker bolts, and the position of the center of percussion with respect to the center of strike. For specimen positioning, we tested samples that had been moved away or sideways with respect to the anvils. In order to assess the influence of the various factors, we compared mean values in the reference ("unaltered") and "altered" conditions; for machine variables, t-test analyses were also performed in order to evaluate the statistical significance of the observed differences. Our results indicate that the only circumstance which resulted in variations larger than 5 % for both brittle and ductile specimens is when the sample is not in contact with the anvils. This should be taken into account in future revisions of instrumented Charpy test standards.
Fracture: An Advanced Treatise, Volume III: Engineering Fundamentals and Environmental Effects provides information pertinent to the engineering fundamentals and environmental effects pertaining to various types of fracture. This book focuses on the fracture design of structures as well as the engineering fundamentals of fracture and environmental effects. Organized into 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the analytical aspects of linear fracture mechanics, which are complete relative to basic formulation and two-dimensional static problems. This text then reviews the fundamental equations of the statics of solids, with emphasis on the idealization of behavior into elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic types. Other chapters consider a notch analysis of fracture. This book discusses as well the three phases of the fracture process. The final chapter deals with environment cracking under static load. This book is a valuable resource for engineers, students, and research workers in industrial organizations, education and research institutions, and various government agencies.
From Charpy to Present Impact Testing contains 52 peer-reviewed papers selected from those presented at the Charpy Centenary Conference held in Poitiers, France, 2-5 October 2001. The name of Charpy remains associated with impact testing on notched specimens. At a time when many steam engines exploded, engineers were preoccupied with studying the resistance of steels to impact loading. The Charpy test has provided invaluable indications on the impact properties of materials. It revealed the brittle ductile transition of ferritic steels. The Charpy test is able to provide more quantitative results by instrumenting the striker, which allows the evolution of the applied load during the impact to be determined. The Charpy test is of great importance to evaluate the embrittlement of steels by irradiation in nuclear reactors. Progress in computer programming has allowed for a computer model of the test to be developed; a difficult task in view of its dynamic, three dimensional, adiabatic nature. Together with precise observations of the processes of fracture, this opens the possibility of transferring quantitatively the results of Charpy tests to real components. This test has also been extended to materials other than steels, and is also frequently used to test polymeric materials. Thus the Charpy test is a tool of great importance and is still at the root of a number of investigations; this is the reason why it was felt that the centenary of the Charpy test had to be celebrated. The Société Française de Métallurgie et de Matériaux decided to organise an international conference which was put under the auspices of the European Society for the Integrity of Structures (ESIS). This Charpy Centenary Conference (CCC 2001) was held in Poitiers, at Futuroscope in October 2001. More than 150 participants from 17 countries took part in the discussions and about one hundred presentations were given. An exhibition of equipment showed, not only present day testing machines, but also one of the first Charpy pendulums, brought all the way from Imperial College in London. From Charpy to Present Impact Testing puts together a number of significant contributions. They are classified into 6 headings: •Keynote lectures, •Micromechanisms, •Polymers, •Testing procedures, •Applications, •Modelling.