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In this policy brief the authors summarize the findings from a study investigating the impact of the California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE) on California's lowest performing students. Utilizing longitudinal data from four large urban school districts, the authors compare students scheduled to graduate just before (2005) and after (2006-07) the exit exam became a requirement for graduation from California high schools. They find that the CAHSEE requirement has had no positive effects on students' academic skills. Students subject to the CAHSEE requirement--particularly low-achieving students whom the CAHSEE might have motivated to work harder in school--learned no more between 10th and 11th grade than similar students in the previous cohort who were not subject to the requirement. They also find that the introduction of the CAHSEE requirement had a large negative impact on graduation rates for students in the bottom quartile of achievement, and that this impact was especially large for minority students and for girls. On average, graduation rates were 19 percentage points lower among bottom-quartile female students who were subject to the CAHSEE requirement, but only 12 points lower among male students. The graduation rate for minority students in the bottom achievement quartile declined by 15 to 19 percent-age points after the introduction of the exit exam requirement, while the graduation rate for similar white students declined by only 1 percentage point. The analyses further suggest that the disproportionate effects of the CAHSEE requirement on graduation rates are due to large racial and gender differences in CAHSEE passing rates among students with the same level of achievement. Given that the CAHSEE has not met its intended goal of raising student achievement to meet the state's grade-level standards, and that it appears to have disproportionately negative effects for female and minority students, the authors conclude that policymakers should reevaluate the utility of the CAHSEE in California's accountability system. (Contains 4 figures and 2 endnotes.).
In this paper, the authors estimate the effect of a high school exit exam requirement (relative to no requirement) on students' academic achievement, persistence in high school, and graduation rates. They are particularly interested in the effects of the policy on the students who have low initial skill levels in high school. The study is based on data from four large California districts--Fresno, Long Beach, San Diego, and San Francisco Unified School Districts--to investigate the effects of failing the California High School Exit Exam. These are four of the eight largest school districts in California, collectively enrolling over 110,000 new high school students (about 5.5 percent of high school students in the state) annually. They use three years of longitudinal data from students who were in 10th grade in the Spring of 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 (i.e., they use data from 2003-2008).
In this landmark volume, Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane lay out a meticulously researched case showing how—in a time of spiraling inequality—strategically targeted interventions and supports can help schools significantly improve the life chances of low-income children. The authors offer a brilliant synthesis of recent research on inequality and its effects on families, children, and schools. They describe the interplay of social and economic factors that has made it increasingly hard for schools to counteract the effects of inequality and that has created a widening wedge between low- and high-income students. Restoring Opportunity provides detailed portraits of proven initiatives that are transforming the lives of low-income children from prekindergarten through high school. All of these programs are research-tested and have demonstrated sustained effectiveness over time and at significant scale. Together, they offer a powerful vision of what good instruction in effective schools can look like. The authors conclude by outlining the elements of a new agenda for education reform. Restoring Opportunity is a crowning contribution from these two leading economists in the field of education and a passionate call to action on behalf of the young people on whom our nation’s future depends. Copublished with the Russell Sage Foundation
Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers are underrepresented in public schools across the United States of America, with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color making up roughly 37% of the adult population and 50% of children, but just 19% of the teaching force. Yet research over decades has indicated their positive impact on student learning and social and emotional development, particularly for Students of Color and Indigenous Students. A first of its kind, the Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers addresses key issues and obstacles to ethnoracial diversity across the life course of teachers’ careers, such as recruitment and retention, professional development, and the role of minority-serving institutions. Including chapters from leading researchers and policy makers, the Handbook is designed to be an important resource to help bridge the gap between scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. In doing so, this research will serve as a launching pad for discussion and change at this critical moment in our country’s history. The volume’s goal is to drive conversations around the issue of ethnoracial teacher diversity and to provide concrete practices for policy makers and practitioners to enable them to make evidence-based decisions for supporting an ethnoracially diverse educator workforce, now and in the future.
College Counseling for Admissions Professionals is a much-needed resource to guide college admissions professionals in helping students navigate the college choice process. This research-based book prepares college admissions professionals to not only be marketers of their institution, but also disseminators of knowledge about the college choice process. Arguing that the most effective retention tool for an institution is to provide prospective students with the best possible information to choose the right institution, College Counseling for Admissions Professionals provides the full set of tools that every college admission professional needs today to ensure students applying to their institutions are making informed choices and will more likely achieve success while in college. Coverage Includes: The role of college access professionals—including school counselors, pre-college outreach providers, and independent consultants—and how to effectively work with these groups The shifts in financial aid at the federal, state, and institutional levels and the implications of these trends for students’ and families’ ability and willingness to pay for college The abundance of college access tools on the Internet and those that are most useful for students and families This volume empowers admissions counselors with the knowledge, insights, best practices, and resources to understand their role more broadly in order to better serve the needs of students, providing a solid foundation upon which to build their professional admissions career.
Since passage of the of No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, academic researchers, econometricians, and statisticians have been exploring various analytical methods of documenting students‘ academic progress over time. Known as value-added models (VAMs), these methods are meant to measure the value a teacher or school adds to student learning from one year to the next. To date, however, there is very little evidence to support the trustworthiness of these models. What is becoming increasingly evident, yet often ignored mainly by policymakers, is that VAMs are 1) unreliable, 2) invalid, 3) nontransparent, 4) unfair, 5) fraught with measurement errors and 6) being inappropriately used to make consequential decisions regarding such things as teacher pay, retention, and termination. Unfortunately, their unintended consequences are not fully recognized at this point either. Given such, the timeliness of this well-researched and thoughtful book cannot be overstated. This book sheds important light on the debate surrounding VAMs and thereby offers states and practitioners a highly important resource from which they can move forward in more research-based ways.
This individual profile provides information on California's high school exit exam standards and policies. Some of the categories presented include: (1) State exit exam policy; (2) Type of Test; (3) Purpose; (4) Major changes in exit exam policy since the 2009-10 school year for financial reasons; (5) Subjects tested on exam; (6) Grade exam first administered; (7) Is the exit exam used for No Child Left Behind (NCLB) accountability purposes?; (8) Alternate paths to graduation specifically for English language learners; (9) Alternate paths to graduation specifically for students with disabilities; and (10) State participation in the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). [For the full report, "State High School Tests: Changes in State Policies and the Impact of the College and Career Readiness Movement," see ED530163.].
The purpose of this study was to address the knowledge gap existing in educators' understanding of what high school graduates experienced when they were faced with passing the exit exam. The goal, through the analysis of data collected from one-on-one interviews, was to examine the lived experiences collected from a sample of former high school students and their encounters with the exit exam. This study addressed research questions to determine to what degree these high school graduates who failed the CAHSEE at least once expressed knowledge of, or otherwise perceived a link between, their social identities and their academic performance, specifically on the CAHSEE and, more generally, in their high school academic experience as a whole. What are high school graduates' perceptions of academic success and its impact on their schooling; and how did the high school graduates experience the assessment environment physically, emotionally, and/or psychologically? Several researchers have investigated the impact of the CAHSEE on students who have failed this assessment (Center on Education Policy, 2011; Neill, 2008; Reardon, Arshan, Atteberry, & Kurlaender, 2010; Rothstein, 2008; Ullucci & Spencer, 2008). These studies are presented. Critical race theory (Ladsen-Billings & Tate, 1995) and stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995) were used in the theoretical framework and brought context to the responses of the participants. The findings suggested the participants experienced feeling marginalized with labels of "failure" for not passing high-stakes exams and viewed the assessment environment as negative, which in turn had an adverse effect on their academic success rate, to their experiences as students. Yet, each participant attributed hope and courage as the factors that allowed them to overcome the labels of "failure", successfully pass the CAHSEE, and graduate from high school.