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Providing scientific and technical in-depth information in a clear format with a homogeneous structure, this text is suited for educational and self-teaching purposes as well as a reference on titanium for biomedical applications. It covers the whole area relevant to the use of titanium for implants, devices and instruments in medicine: material and surface science, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, quality and regulatory aspects.
These proceedings of the "Second International Conference on Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation" review the enormous scientific avalanche that has been developing in the field over recent years. A valuable resource for any scientist and engineer working in this emerging field of nanotechnology.
The annealing of deformed materials is of both technological importance and scientific interest. The phenomena have been most widely studied in metals, although they occur in all crystalline materials such as the natural deformation of rocks and the processing of technical ceramics. Research is mainly driven by the requirements of industry, and where appropriate, the book discusses the extent to which we are able to formulate quantitative, physically-based models which can be applied to metal-forming processes.The subjects treated in this book are all active research areas, and form a major part of at least four regular international conference series. However, there have only been two monographs published in recent times on the subject of recrystallization, the latest nearly 20 years ago. Since that time, considerable advances have been made, both in our understanding of the subject and in the techniques available to the researcher.The book covers recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in depth including specific chapters on ordered materials, two-phase alloys, annealing textures and annealing during and after hot working. Also contained are treatments of the deformed state and the structure and mobility of grain boundaries, technologically important examples and a chapter on computer simulation and modelling. The book provides a scientific treatment of the subject for researchers or students in Materials Science, Metallurgy and related disciplines, who require a more detailed coverage than is found in textbooks on physical metallurgy, and a more coherent treatment than will be found in the many conference proceedings and review articles.
In this study, titanium (commercially pure, grade 1) was processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for multiple passes. ECAP is a method of applying severe plastic deformation, without changing the overall dimensions. A billet material is pressed through the channel and forced to deform around the 90° turn in the channel, and this deformation converts coarse grained materials into ultrafine grained (UFG) ones, and introduces a high percentage of high angle grain boundaries. These are the main reasons for the improvement of the mechanical properties that have been observed. The uniform microstructure from the as-received condition, goes from long, coarse bands with some grains relatively undeformed after a single pass to mostly uniform UFG after four passes. The material deforms via both twinning and slip during the first pass, and almost exclusively by slip for passes beyond one. At all numbers of passes, the more coarse grains are refined by continuous dynamic recrystallization, whereby the accumulation of dislocations cause crystal rotation which subsequently form low angle grain boundaries and then fully enclosed high angle grain boundaries. These high angle grain boundaries are new ultrafine grains. Furthermore, the mechanical behavior was measured under uniaxial compression. Most of the strength increase occurs after the first pass, with incremental increases after that, but by four passes of ECAP the yield point is about three times greater than the as-received Ti. The strain rate sensitivity generally decreases as the number of passes increases, but increases with temperature. When loading in different directions, it was determined that under all conditions, the highest to lowest yield and flow stresses were in the y-, z- and x-directions, respectively. Finally, during dynamic testing in different directions, the samples failed via shear banding, which depended on the loading direction and temperature. The loading directions from the most to least total strain before the initiation of macroscopic failure by shear banding were in the x-, y- and z-directions, respectively.
The need for light-weight materials, especially in the automobile industry, created renewed interest in innovative applications of magnesium materials. This demand has resulted in increased research and development activity in companies and research institutes in order to achieve an improved property profile and better choice of alloy systems. Here, development trends and application potential in different fields like the automotive industry and communication technology are discussed in an interdisciplinary framework.
Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.
Despite recent advances in medical devices using other materials, metallic implants are still one of the most commercially significant sectors of the industry. Given the widespread use of metals in medical devices, it is vital that the fundamentals and behaviour of this material are understood. Metals in biomedical devices reviews the latest techniques in metal processing methods and the behaviour of this important material.Initial chapters review the current status and selection of metals for biomedical devices. Chapters in part two discuss the mechanical behaviour, degradation and testing of metals with specific chapters on corrosion, wear testing and biocompatibility of biomaterials. Part three covers the processing of metals for biomedical applications with chapters on such topics as forging metals and alloys, surface treatment, coatings and sterilisation. Chapters in the final section discuss clinical applications of metals such as cardiovascular, orthopaedic and new generation biomaterials.With its distinguished editor and team of expert contributors, Metals for biomedical devices is a standard reference for materials scientists, researchers and engineers working in the medical devices industry and academia. - Reviews the latest techniques in metal processing methods including surface treatment and sterilisation - Examines metal selection for biomedical devices considering biocompatibility of various metals - Assesses mechanical behaviour and testing of metals featuring corrosion, fatigue and wear
Takes a materials science approach, correlating structure-property relationships with function across a broad range of biological materials.
This project focused on deformation processing, microstructural development, and mechanical properties of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. Specific tasks included: (1) Study superplastic deformation of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy that have been processed by equal channel angular extrusion and relate the deformation mechanism to the enhancement of superplasticity, and (2) Examine the effect of strain path for Ti fabricated by equal channel angular extrusion and uniaxial compression, with a special focus on the improved mechanical properties of the deformed Ti. As a part of the report, two papers were published in Materials Science and Engineering A (vol. A410-411, 2005, 156-159) and Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A (vol.37, 2006, 381-391). The work was begun under AOARD 034023, "Microstructure development of ultrafine grained Ti and superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy." Most of that effort was devoted to Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Much progress has been made over the more than two years of effort. We propose to complete our studies by studying, in detail, deformation mechanisms for the enhanced superplasticity in the ultrafine grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a special focus on the role of non-equilibrium grain boundaries.