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The harmonic oscillator rigid-rotator model has been used to calculate the relaxation region behind a shock wave in carbon dioxide. Finite relaxation rates for the three different vibrational modes and two dissociation reactions are included. Models for the coupling between the vibrational relaxation and the dissociation process are based on the assumption that dissociation can proceed from any vibrational level with equal probability. Two different models for the vibrational excitation have been examined. Solutions have been obtained for the interdependent fluid-flow, chemical rate, and vibrational relaxation-rate equations incorporating estimated rate coefficients. Results are presented in the form of flow-field profiles for density, pressure, translational and vibrational temperatures, and species concentrations. The effects of vibrational excitation, vibration-dissociation coupling, and energy exchange between the vibrational modes are investigated. The effect of vibrational relaxation and vibration-dissociation coupling is much stronger in CO2 with three different vibrational modes than in diatomic gases with only a single mode. The results of this study show that the effect of coupled vibrational relaxation and dissociation can sometimes alter the flow-field profiles by a factor of 2 compared to similar calculations without such coupling. For vibrational relaxation the results indicate that the shock-wave profiles depend primarily on the rate at which the translational energy is fed into internal modes and not so strongly on the energy distribution among the modes.
Advances in Aeronautical Sciences, Volume 3 contains the proceedings of the Second International Congress in the Aeronautical Sciences held in Zurich, Switzerland, on September 12-16, 1960. The papers explore advances in aeronautical sciences and cover topics ranging from the role of entropy in the aerospace sciences to the theory of hypersonic flow over blunt-nosed slender bodies. The effect of boundary layer transition at the leading edge of thin wings on general nose separation is also discussed, along with the aerodynamics of aircraft shapes for flight at supersonic speeds. This book is comprised of 28 chapters and begins with a review of the importance of entropy in the aerospace sciences, citing the work of Nicolaus Sadi Carnot and Rudolf Clausius as well as enthalpy and free enthalpy. The link between entropy and molecular theory is also described before turning to the physics of jet streams and the aerodynamics of jet flaps. Other chapters consider a wide range of problems both of theoretical and practical importance, including the flow around a circular cylinder; the theory of boundary layer; the physics of transition from laminar to turbulent flow; and the theory and experimental knowledge of transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flows. Due attention is given to the re-entry of missiles and space vehicles into the atmosphere; problems of trajectories; guidance of space vehicles; and power generation in space. The economic and technical aspects of air transportation are also highlighted. This volume will be of interest to scientists and engineers in aeronautics and astronautics.