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The device used for the test did not have the same characteristics as the original device. The shelters were instrumented for radiation attenuation measurements. These data will be analyzed and evaluated in the final report.
Two underground shelters (50-man capacity), one open and one closed, were exposed to Apple I shot, and two were exposed to Apple H shot (at 1050 ft). Three basement exit shelters were exposed to Apple I shot at 1350 ft; four were exposed to Apple II shot, two at 1270 ft, and two at 1470 ft. Groups of three aboveground utility type shelters, one of masonry blocks, one of precast reinforced concrete, and one of poured-in-place reinforced concrete, were placed at concrete bathroom shelters were placed in rambler type houses at 2700 and 10500 ft from Apple II shot. Three types of basement shelters were constructed in two frame houses at 5500 and 7800 ft, and two types of basement shelters were constructed in two brick houses at 4700 and 10500 ft from the same burst. On neither shot was structural damage sustained by the large underground personnel shelters. Occupants of the closed shelter would not have been disturbed by blast, debris, or radiation. Damage to the basement exit shelters was inversely proportional to their distance from Ground Zero (GZ) and was directly proportional to the amount of opening in the entrance. The closed shelter at the greatest distance received the least damage but was not satisfactory as a personnel shelter at the lowest pressure tested. Utility shelters provided unsatisfactory protection from radiation. All indoor family type shelters were satisfactory as tested and would have provided adequate protection for occupants. (auth).
In field and laboratory experiments designed to study overall blast effects, incidental observations were made of the ears of over 490 animals. Those inside structures were exposed to a variety of 'atypical' blast waves. Those located inside shock tubes or in the open when high explosives were detonated were exposed to fairly 'typical' wave forms. An attempt was made to relate the incidence of eardrum rupture to various elements of the measured pressure-time curves. The association was not the same for 'typical' and 'atypical' wave forms. Within the limits of the meager differences were noted and discussed with emphasis on the apparent wide variability in tolerance for which an explanation was proposed.
Experience with animals exposed in a variety of above and below ground structures during full-scale field operations at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, 1955 and 1957 were reviewed. The data were assembled and summarized to illustrate the nature of the blast-induced problems of significance in protective shelters, "open" as well as "closed". Potential hazards were related to the following: various patterns of variation in environmental pressure; translational events associated with transient, high-velocity winds, ground shock and gravity involving the impact of energized inanimate objects on the one hand the the consequences of whole-body displacement on the other; non-line-of-site thermal phenomena including hot objects and rapidly moving hot, dust- laden air and debris; and dust, in the respirable size range, sufficiently high in concentration even in "closed" shelters as to warrant design measures to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of small particulates whether arising from wall spalling or otherwise. Tentative biological criteria, conceived to help assess human hazards from blast-related phenomena, were presented. Relevant data from the literature and on- going research in environmental medicine were set forth to aid the reader in appreciating how the criteria were formulated, what information was extrapolated from animal data, and wherein "best estimates" were employed. "State-of-the-art" concepts were noted to emphasize areas in which more thinking and research must continue if more refined, complete and adequate criteria are to be forthcoming for assessing man's response to blast-induced variation in his immediate environment.
The present book is originally a document of detailed expert investigation of the atomic bombing that took place at Hiroshima, Japan, during the final stage of the World War II by the United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Manhattan District.