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This handbook is an excellent reference for materials scientists and engineers needing to gain more knowledge about these engineering materials. Following introductory chapters on the fundamental materials properties of titanium, readers will find comprehensive descriptions of the development, processing and properties of modern titanium alloys. There then follows detailed discussion of the applications of titanium and its alloys in aerospace, medicine, energy and automotive technology.
Martensitic Transformation examines martensitic transformation based on the known crystallographical data. Topics covered range from the crystallography of martensite to the transformation temperature and rate of martensite formation. The conditions for martensite formation and stabilization of austenite are also discussed, along with the crystallographic theory of martensitic transformations. Comprised of six chapters, this book begins with an introduction to martensite and martensitic transformation, with emphasis on the basic properties of martensite in steels such as carbon steels. The next two chapters deal with the crystallography of martensite and discuss the martensitic transformation behavior of the second-order transition; lattice imperfections in martensite; and close-packed layer structures of martensites produced from ? phase in noble-metal-base alloys. Thermodynamical problems and kinetics are also analysed, together with conditions for the nucleation of martensite and problems concerning stabilization of austenite. The last chapter discusses the theory of the mechanism underlying martensitic transformation. This monograph will be of interest to metallurgists and materials scientists.
The Science, Technology and Application of Titanium contains the proceedings of an International Conference organized by the Institute of Metals, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, and the American Society for Metals in association with the Japan Institute of Metals and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and held at the Royal Festival Hall in London, on May 21-24, 1968. The papers explore scientific and technological developments as well as applications of titanium and cover topics ranging from processing of titanium to its chemical and environmental behavior, physics, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Deformation and fracture, phase transformations and heat treatment, and alloying are also discussed. This book is comprised of 114 chapters and begins with an overview of the titanium industry in Europe and the United States. The reader is then introduced to primary and secondary fabrication of titanium; corrosion and oxidation; physical properties of titanium alloys; interaction of titanium with elements of the periodic system; and elastic interactions between dislocations and twin and grain boundaries in titanium. The crystallography of deformation twinning in titanium is also examined, along with superplasticity and transformation plasticity in titanium. The remaining chapters focus on interstitial strengthening of titanium alloys; mechanism of martensitic transformation in titanium and its alloys; phase relationships in titanium-oxygen alloys; strengthening of titanium alloys by shock deformation; and titanium hot forming. This monograph will be of interest to chemists and metallurgists.
The book contains six chapters and covers topics dealing with biomedical applications of titanium alloys, surface treatment, relationships between microstructure and mechanical and technological properties, and the effect of radiation on the structure of the titanium alloys.
Designed to support the need of engineering, management, and other professionals for information on titanium by providing an overview of the major topics, this book provides a concise summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys. The author provides a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and its alloys. All technical aspects of the use of titanium are covered, with sufficient metals property data for most users. Because of its unique density, corrosion resistance, and relative strength advantages over competing materials such as aluminum, steels, and superalloys, titanium has found a niche in many industries. Much of this use has occurred through military research, and subsequent applications in aircraft, of gas turbine engines, although more recent use features replacement joints, golf clubs, and bicycles.Contents include: A primer on titanium and its alloys, Introduction to selection of titanium alloys, Understanding titanium's metallurgy and mill products, Forging and forming, Castings, Powder metallurgy, Heat treating, Joining technology and practice, Machining, Cleaning and finishing, Structure/processing/property relationships, Corrosion resistance, Advanced alloys and future directions, Appendices: Summary table of titanium alloys, Titanium alloy datasheets, Cross-reference to titanium alloys, Listing of selected specification and standardization organizations, Selected manufacturers, suppliers, services, Corrosion data, Machining data.
This thesis is a study of the crevice corrosion behaviour of commercially pure titanium, Ti Grade-2 (Ti-2), and two Ti dilute alloys, Ti Grade-12 (Ti-12, Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo), and Ti Grade-7 (Ti-7, Ti-0.15Pd) in air saturated 0.27 mol/dm3 NaCI solution using a galvanic coupling technique. Various aspects of the crevice corrosion process were studied to understand the primary factors that influence titanium's susceptibility to this form of corrosion and to determine the conditions under which crevice attack is possible. First, the temperature dependence of crevice corrosion initiation and propagation on Ti Grade-2 has been studied in detail. Crevice corrosion experiments in which the temperature was increased and decreased in steps over the temperature range 55 degrees C to 95 degrees C have identified a temperature threshold of 65 degrees C for the initiation of crevice corrosion. This is based on the onset (increasing temperature) and disappearance (decreasing temperature) of film breakdown/repassivation microtransients generated inside the crevice. Consistent with the initiation of crevice corrosion, the passive film resistance dropped significantly at T >: 65 degrees C accompanied by water incorporation into the oxide film. Early initiation occurred at individual sites around the edge of the crevice, and the acidity that consequently developed spreads towards the central region of the crevice. Then, the microstructure and crevice corrosion behaviour of three Ti-2 materials containing different levels ofFe as impurity (0.04 - 0.12 wt%), were studied. The grain size decreased significantly with increasing iron content. Crevice corrosion was initiatedon all three materials at 70 ± 5 degrees C. Crevice corrosion of Ti-2 with an Fe content of 0.078 wt% (medium Fe content) was initiated at the lowest temperature and exhibited extensive intergranular attack due to the accumulation ofFe in the grain boundaries. Ti-2 with a low iron content (0.042 wt%) was free of intergranular attack. By contrast,corrosion damage was more localized along the periphery of the crevice for Ti-2 with an Fe content of 0.12 wt% (high Fe content), and the crevice corrosion resistance was greatly enhanced. By performing a series of crevice corrosion experiments combined with metallographic and image analysis techniques on Ti-2 with Fe 0.078 wt%, a damage function relating the maximum penetration depth to the duration of propagation was developed for crevice corrosion. The damage function showed two distinct stages. In the first stage, penetration was rapid due to the intergranular nature of the penetrating front on this material. On the second stage, penetration was greatly limited by IR (ohmic) effects at the corroding sites. Thirdly the crevice corrosion behaviour of Ti-12 was studied. Crevice corrosion on Ti-12 initiated a similar temperature to that observed for Ti-2, -70 degrees C, but showed a higher resistance to crevice propagation. The propagation process was independent of temperature. The crevice attack appeared in the form of rectangular-shaped pits with limited propagation. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) mapping of elemental distributions on the surfaces of these pits suggested that the accumulation of Ni and Mo at the bottom of pits was the cause for the limited penetration depth. For this material, propagation driven by internal proton reduction was the predominant process. Lastly the high temperature corrosion of Ti-7 under both planar and creviced conditions was studied. Despite the presence of Pd, Ti-7 showed some general corrosion activity in the NaCI solution as indicated by oxide film breakdown/repassivation transients. The transient activity increased with temperature. Overall, however, these transients did not have a major degrading effect on the oxide film. The material remained passive under open circuit conditions. Ti-7 was also found not immune to crevice corrosion. For temperatures above 80 degrees C, it showed minor reactivity within the crevice. The crevice attack on Ti-7 appeared as very shallow pits with penetration depths