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Lateral-stability flight tests were made over the Mach number range from 0.7 to 1.3 of models of three airplane configurations having 45deg sweptback wings. One model had a high wing; one, a low wing; and one, a high wing with cathedral. The models were otherwise identical. The lateral oscillations of the models resulting from intermittent yawing disturbances were interpreted in terms of full-scale airplane flying qualities and were further analyzed by the time-vector method to obtain values of the lateral stability derivatives.
A test and analysis method is presented for determining airplane lateral stability characteristics, including aerodynamic derivatives, from flight tests of scale models. The method of analysis utilizes the rotating time-vector concept and also a quasi-static approach. Data are presented at transonic speeds for three swept-wing rocket-propelled models differing only in vertical position and dihedral of the wing. The method proved to be adequate for delineating the major effects of the geometric variations on the aerodynamic lateral stability derivatives. The effects of Reynolds number on the linearity of the static stability data for an unswept wing configuration are illustrated.
The drag due to lift increases with increasing sweep through the Mach number range. Some increase in bag due to lift is evident decrease in taper ratio for wings having 300of sweep through most of the speed range.
Summary: The effects of negative dihedral on lateral stability and control characteristics at high lift coefficients have been determined by flight tests of a model in the Langley free-flight tunnel. The geometric dihedral angle of the model wing was varied from 0° to -20° and the vertical-tail area, from 0 to 35 percent of the wing area. The model was flown with various combinations of dihedral angle and vertical-tail area at lift coefficients of 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8. As the effective dihedral was decreased from 0° to -15°, the model became increasingly difficult to fly. With an effective dihedral of -15° the flying characteristics were considered to be dangerous because, when there was only a slight lag in the application of corrective control following a disturbance, the unstable moments resulting from spiral instability became sufficiently large to overpower the moments of the controls so that return to straight flight was impossible. Inasmuch as full-scale airplanes because of their greater size will diverge at a slower rate than free-flight models, the amount of negative effective dihedral that would constitute a dangerous condition is expected to be greater for full-scale airplanes.
Air-flow characteristics behind wings and wing-body combinations are described and are related to the downwash at specific tail locations for unseparated and separated flow conditions. The effects of various parameters and control devices on the air-flow characteristics and tail contribution are analyzed and demonstrated. An attempt has been made to summarize certain data in a form useful for design. The experimental data herein were obtained mostly at Reynolds numbers greater than 4 x 105 and at Mach numbers less than 0.25.
An investigation was made at high subsonic speeds of a complete model having a highly tapered wing and several tail configurations. The aspect-ratio-3.50 wing had a taper of 0.067 and an unswept 0.80 chord line. The complete model was tested with a wing-chord-plane tail, a T-tail, and a biplane tail (combined T-tail and wing-chord-plane tail). The model was tested in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 0.92 over a range of angle of attack of about ±20° and a range of sideslip of -15° to 13°. Some data were obtained with the horizontal stabilizer deflected. A few tests were also made with the wing tips clipped to an aspect ratio of 3.00.
An investigation has been conducted to determine the effects of wing position and vertical tail configuration on the stability and control characteristics of a jet-powered delta-wing vertically rising airplane model. A ducted-fan powerplant was used because there was no hot-jet powerplant of sufficiently small size and adequate reliability available. In addition to conventional flap-type control surfaces on the wings and vertical tails, the model had jet-reaction controls provided by movable eyelids at the rear of the tail pipe and by air bled from the main duct and exhausted through movable nozzles near the wing tips. The investigation consisted of flight and force tests of three model configurations: a high wing with a top-mounted vertical tail, a high wing with top- and bottom-mounted vertical tails, and a low wing with the top-mounted vertical tail. The flight tests, which were made in the Langley full-scale tunnel, represented slow constant-altitude transitions from hovering to normal unstalled forward flight.