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Recognizing that a capacity to innovate and commercialize new high-technology products is increasingly a key for the economic growth in the environment of tighter environmental and resource constraints, governments around the world have taken active steps to strengthen their national innovation systems. These steps underscore the belief of these governments that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, their spillover or externality-generating effects and the growing global competition, require national R&D programs to support the innovations by new and existing high-technology firms within their borders. The National Research Council's Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has embarked on a study of selected foreign innovation programs in comparison with major U.S. programs. The "21st Century Innovation Systems for the United States and Japan: Lessons from a Decade of Change" symposium reviewed government programs and initiatives to support the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises, government-university- industry collaboration and consortia, and the impact of the intellectual property regime on innovation. This book brings together the papers presented at the conference and provides a historical context of the issues discussed at the symposium.
The U.S. patent system is in an accelerating race with human ingenuity and investments in innovation. In many respects the system has responded with admirable flexibility, but the strain of continual technological change and the greater importance ascribed to patents in a knowledge economy are exposing weaknesses including questionable patent quality, rising transaction costs, impediments to the dissemination of information through patents, and international inconsistencies. A panel including a mix of legal expertise, economists, technologists, and university and corporate officials recommends significant changes in the way the patent system operates. A Patent System for the 21st Century urges creation of a mechanism for post-grant challenges to newly issued patents, reinvigoration of the non-obviousness standard to quality for a patent, strengthening of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, simplified and less costly litigation, harmonization of the U.S., European, and Japanese examination process, and protection of some research from patent infringement liability.

Japanese Patent Policy

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Foreign Commerce and Tourism

Published: 1989

Total Pages: 100


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Privatization and Entrepreneurship: The Managerial Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe analyzes the challenges faced by managers in the transforming economies of Central and Eastern Europe and provides penetrating insights into the details of managing in the former socialist countries. This collection’s combination of conceptual/theoretical material with empirical, firsthand case analysis prepares Western managers for a more profitable and less stressful entry into these significant markets. This enlightening book highlights the complexity and breadth of the issues and problems of successfully entering new markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Along the way, you are introduced to such topics as consumer behavior and shown the different forms of foreign direct investment with their associated problems and benefits. If you are searching for ways to better prepare for business in these markets, this book can help you meet your objectives with its helpful information on: ethical concerns and linguistic difficulties of managing in transforming economies management challenges of privatization management challenges of entrepreneurship strategic issues associated with the reorientation of enterprises corporate constituencies, changing consumers, labor unions, and pay practices Privatization and Entrepreneurship will prove valuable to policymakers in economic development and foreign aid agencies, executives of companies planning to expand into Europe and those already active in the region, and academicians and students in management, economics, and political science.
This publication presents a collection of the policy-oriented empirical studies and stakeholders' views designed to show how patent regimes can contribute more efficiently to innovation and economic performance.
Covers: marketing strategy, business customs and practices, Japanese government procurement, Japanese testing, standards and certification and export financing. Also focuses on property protection rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, designs, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights in Japan.