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"The objective of the research described in this report has been to develop training materials to assist law enforcement officers in the accurate detection of motorists who are diving while impaired (DWI) at the 0.08 BAC level ..."--Technical report documentation page
After three decades of research, neurobehavioral toxicity is now acknowledged as a significant outcome of chemical exposure. Its health and economic costs may exceed those by cancer by substantial amounts. This new perspective has been accompanied by efforts designed to explore the responsible mechanisms, to design applicable risk assessment procedures, and to determine the consequent policy implications. This publication includes 25 papers from international experts and includes: human neurobehavioral toxicity; animal behavioral methods; selected model compounds; and risk assessment.
Sixteen clinically normal individuals .drove in an optical driving simulator in both a non-alcohol and an alcohol condition. In both the 0 mg% (.00%) and the 90 mg% (.09%) blood alcohol level conditions, each subject was given 60 trials in which he was required to make and execute a decision to pass or to continue following a lead car. Times available to safely complete a pass and vehicle speeds were presented in a random manner. During the alcohol condition, subjects not only attempted and completed significantly more passes but also experienced more accidents. Results of this experiment suggest that the effects of moderate levels of blood alcohol must be examined not only as they affect perceptual motor skills, but also as they may more subtly affect risk-taking behavior and decision processes involved in operating a motor vehicle.
This book has 18 case study chapters investigating various injury scenarios through the use of a Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) analysis. Each injury scenario derives from one or more similar lawsuits (but names, places and some of the details are fictionalized). The scenarios describe a ‘slice of life’ of people interacting with products, equipment, tasks, and environments before they are seriously hurt. The forensic analysis that follows each scenario gives a background of prior similar events and systematically examines potential causes leading to the injury event. There is emphasis on the person-machine interface, human error, hazard analysis, hazard control and a model of communication-human information processing (C-HIP). Chapters are authored by highly experienced expert witnesses in HFE. The methods used are general techniques that can be applied to other injury scenarios, but would be better if employed earlier in a product’s life cycle to prevent or limit injury. The first three chapters introduce concepts useful for the analyses in the case study chapters. The last chapter offers some broad take-away points that cut across several of the case studies. Features contributions by persons who have extensive experience in HFE and who have served professionally in the role of an expert witness in various legal cases mostly in product liability Gives a broad range of situations to illustrate where HFE considerations could improve product or environmental safety. There is an emphasis on children/caregivers, and adult activities such as driving Uses mitigation strategies to reduce the likelihood of occurrence and severity of adverse events Includes a first-person scenario at the beginning of each chapter Allows the lessons learned to be adaptable to other domains where people interact with products and environments