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The effects of primary and runback icing and frost formations on the drag of an 8-foot-chord NACA 651-212 airfoil section were investigated over a range of angles of attack from 2 degrees to 8 degrees and airspeeds up to 260 miles per hour for icing conditions with liquid-water contents ranging from 0.25 to 1.4 grams per cubic meter and datum air temperatures of -30 to 30 degrees F.
Measurements of lift, drag, and pitching moment of an NACA 0011 airfoil were made in icing using two types of pneumatic de-icers, one having spanwise inflatable tubes and the other having chordwise tubes. Ice remaining after inflation of the spanwise-tube de-icer increased airfoil section drag 7 to 37 percent for 0 to 4.6 degrees angle of attack over the ranges of airspeed, total air temperature, liquid-water content, and cycle times covered. This drag increase became constant after a few de-icing cycles. Drag increases due to ice remaining on the chordwise-tube de-icer were similar to those for the spanwise-tube de-icer. Minimum airfoil drag in icing (averaged over a de-icing cycle) was usually obtained with a short (about i min) de-icing cycle.