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No one argues today that our world is modern. History teaches us that this modernity is the fruit of an evolution. This evolution that is the mainstream direction of world history has not been uniform on the entire face of the earth. At certain periods, in certain parts, localities, or countries of the world, changes and transformations took revolutionary forms. These changes and transformations are the result of the combination of factors. While some are involuntary, some are desired and sought for. The impacts of these changes and transformations affect the environment, life settings, as well as the lives of the people who are at their origin. The effects of changes and evolutions have taught human beings that change outcomes on the environment, on life setting, and to life itself can be induced. It is to these voluntary and planned transformations at the level of a community, a country, or group of countries from one continent to another, from one part of the world to another, has led to their classification as rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped. Other classifications place countries in three categories: developed countries (first world), emergent countries (second world), underdeveloped countries (third world).
No one argues today that our world is modern. History teaches us that this modernity is the fruit of an evolution. This evolution that is the mainstream direction of world history has not been uniform on the entire face of the earth. At certain periods, in certain parts, localities, or countries of the world, changes and transformations took revolutionary forms. These changes and transformations are the result of the combination of factors. While some are involuntary, some are desired and sought for. The impacts of these changes and transformations affect the environment, life settings, as well as the lives of the people who are at their origin. The effects of changes and evolutions have taught human beings that change outcomes on the environment, on life setting, and to life itself can be induced. It is to these voluntary and planned transformations at the level of a community, a country, or group of countries from one continent to another, from one part of the world to another, has led to their classification as rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped. Other classifications place countries in three categories: developed countries (first world), emergent countries (second world), underdeveloped countries (third world).
This book examines some of the major challenges faced by African education by placing them in two important contexts. First, it explores how new economic dynamics, linked to globalisation, impact upon educational priorities and possibilities. Second, it stresses the need to locate educational policies and practices alongside approaches in other sectors. This leads to an analysis of the intersections between education, training and enterprise development. Through detailed examinations of recent policies and practices in Ghana, Kenya and South Africa, the book shows how different national approaches emerge in spite of apparent convergences in donor agency policy and international policy discourses. Aimed at policy makers and practitioners as well as academics, the book outlines a series of theoretical, policy and practical challenges for the future of African education and its broader role in development.
This book assesses the influence of the international organization UNESCO on the development of national Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems in the Southern African Community Region (SADC), focusing particularly on Botswana and Namibia. Designed around UNESCO’s Better Education for Africa’s Rise (BEAR) project, the study is an excellent example of applied policy research. Analysis is from the perspective of key stakeholders including UNESCO headquarters and field offices, Ministries of Education and of Labor, employers and employees, education and training institutions, international partners and more. Both qualitative and quantitative evidence are used to provide a comparative overview, and the author also reveals the current state of data on skills. Readers will discover common goals and challenges across the nations but also a common lack of action to measure the impact and influence that UNESCO’s programs have had at a national level, prior to this study. Were the newly implemented educational policies successful or not? If the public policies failed, why was that? These chapters shed light on such questions and how UNESCO's contribution influenced the national development processes, in the context of globalization processes and trends of global mass education. The book has much to offer for both scholars and those working in UN agencies or national governments who seek to develop education systems and better link them to the world of work.
Containing both theoretical discussions of globalization and specific case analyses of individual African countries, this collection of essays examines the intersections of African education and globalization with multiple analytical and geographical emphases and intentions.
This volume seeks to examine the skills development agenda for youth by exploring two key questions for sustainable livelihoods: What are the skills needed for employability in developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia? And, what skills are currently possessed by students and secondary school leavers? An introductory chapter will set the stage for the discussion and analysis to follow by reviewing in broad terms the current research on relevant topics such as global youth unemployment, the relationship between skills and economic growth, and the expansion of secondary education. The following chapters synthesize a series of background studies focused on Africa, South Asia and South-East Asia, including both a general overview and an in-depth look at several countries. The chapters introduce innovative models for skills delivery, and highlight some of the key elements of successful skills models, including multi-stakeholder partnerships, updated pedagogy, and innovative financing mechanisms. Each of the five core chapters of the book covers one theme, with the support of case studies to illustrate successes, challenges, and lessons in real world examples.
A central claim of this volume is that public policy in education and training can only be properly understood if it is seen in relation to prevailing economic and employment conditions. It has become increaslingly apparent that the neo-liberal economic policies pursued by Western governments during the 1980s and 1990s have led to a growing world-wide 'work crisis'. Unemployment levels, particularly in Europe, remain persistently high, and for those in employment, job insecurity and long working hours have become the norm. The response of UK governments has been to promote 'flexibility' in employment practices while proclaiming the importance of improving skill levels through education and training. This volume challenges the adequacy of such an approach, and asks whether reliance on education and training reforms without additional political intervention in economic processes is capable of reversing current trends. Issues covered in this reader include: * the impact of globalization on employment trends * neo-liberal and neo-Keynesian approaches to employment policy * political reforms in education and training institutions * the impact of flexibilization on private life and the family. The two volumes in this series are readers for the Open University course Education, Training and the Future of Work, E837, a module of the MA in Education. The companion volume is Education, Training and the Future of Work II: Developments in Vocational Education and Training. John Ahier is Lecturer in Education at the Open University. Geoff Esland is Director of the Centre for Sociology and Social Research at the Open University and Course team Chair of E837.
In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is central to political discourses and educational concerns as a means for economic development, poverty alleviation, youth employment, and social mobility. Yet, there is an intriguing contradiction between this consideration and the real attention dedicated to TVET. Research on African TVET is varied, but tends to be narrowly focused on issues of policies, economic strategies, cost-efficiency, curriculum contents, and outdated equipment. Offering an alternative inquiry, the purpose of this conceptual dissertation was to use critical education theory and post-colonial insights to explore the macro and micro challenges SSA TVET systems are facing in a global context. Indeed, in the era of economic and cultural globalization, the African continent has the opportunity to make its way toward socioeconomic development. Still, rich countries are getting richer and the poor poorer. The African continent is rich in natural, mineral, agricultural, human, and intellectual resources. Thus, there are opportunities for well-being and educational prosperity. However, all statistics show that Africans are the poorest in the world. The author argues that this poverty is socially constructed and not an inevitable condition for Africans. Unemployment is a tough reality in SSA. The number of students enrolling in TVET is increasing. From the critical and post-colonial conceptual framework the author illustrates structural and systematic concerns to show how SSA TVET systems involve oppression, exploitation, marginalization, prejudice, stereotypes, gender discrimination, reproduction, hegemony, and subalternity. Through the concept of democratic education Dewey and Freire offer, the author envisions, idealistically and realistically, a holistic and emancipatory TVET where the main concern would not just be to train hands but also heads. In so doing, SSA TVET could develop students' critical awareness about citizenship, self-determination, and problem-solving in order to create social cohesion, peace, and stability in Africa.
This publication reviews recent developments within technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as future challenges in skills development in the region. Based upon 70 case studies covering 20 countries, it provides a good starting point for the development of country policies and programmes, of relevance to other African regions as well as countries in other regions facing similar challenges. Issues discussed include: the labour market context, reform of public training programmes, regulation of non-government training institutions, enterprise-based training, building skills for the informal economy, balancing cost-effectiveness with growth and equity, and financing.