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The intertidal marine snail Chlorostoma (formerly Tegula) funebralis has a wide geographic distribution, and across this range populations are exposed to large variations in temperature. Southern California (USA) populations generally occupy warmer climates and are presumably exposed to high air temperatures during low tides more often than northern California populations. C. funebralis' broad, thermally heterogeneous geographic range could promote local adaptation, or the fine-tuning of individuals to their local habitat via natural selection. However, this species also has pelagic larvae, and available genetic data have found no evidence for population structure, suggesting there may be extensive gene flow that could preclude local adaptation. Overall, the potential for adaptive differentiation in C. funebralis is unclear because the balance between selection for local adaptation and the rate of interpopulation gene flow is largely unknown. To address this issue phenotypic assays were used to identify initial evidence for local adaptation to heat stress in three northern and three southern California C. funebralis populations, and subsequently mRNA and DNA were sampled from these populations to examine transcriptome and genome-wide signatures of local adaptation. In the field, temperature data loggers were also deployed to explicitly quantify regional differences in thermal stress exposure among populations. The cumulative results of this work uncovered : (i) phenotypic evidence for local adaptation to heat stress between northern and southern California populations, with southern populations being more thermally tolerant than northern ones, (ii) region-specific transcriptomic responses to heat stress in northern and southern California, including unique gene expression strategies in southern populations that potentially confer higher thermal tolerance, (iii) differences in the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal stress events in northern and southern California, and (iv) genomic evidence for ecological adaptation against a background of homogeneity in northern and southern California populations. Not only do these findings provide unique insights into region-specific responses of thermal stress response, but they also suggest that adaptation to local environmental differences can evolve despite a pelagic larval phase in C. funebralis. Accounting for intraspecific population variation in thermal tolerance may provide important insights for predicting how species distributions will respond to global warming.
Our understanding of evolution in marine ecosystems is framed by theories of speciation developed in terrestrial environments. In the ocean, however, speciation processes are likely to be different than on land. A general lack of absolute barriers, and the vast distances certain organisms can travel as larvae, mean that populations likely diverge in the presence of gene flow. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the relative contribution of different mechanisms of divergence in the sea in order to deepen our understanding of speciation. We examined the population genetics of ectoparasitic snails (Coralliophila radula, C. violacea) that specialize on Porites corals, and occupy a vast geographic and environmental range across the Indo-Pacific. In Chapter One, we used a comparative phylogeographic approach to explore whether populations of both taxa diverged across common geographic barriers, or due to adaptation to the host. We found striking evidence of genetic structure with geography for both snail species, and structure concordant with host within C. violacea populations. These findings suggest that in addition to historical sea level fluctuations, symbioses also contribute to diversification of these snails in the Coral Triangle. In Chapter Two, we used genome-wide data (SNPs) to investigate whether the ecological divergence we observed in C. violacea occurred via directional selection on different hosts and identify loci under selection. We saw genetic evidence of snail migration between hosts, as well as hybridization. By testing for FST outliers, we found loci under divergent selection, including a gene involved in the control of xenobiotic detoxification pathway gene expression, perhaps allowing snails to neutralize coral-specific toxins. These findings provide strong support for ecological divergence with gene flow, driven by adaptation to host. In Chapter Three, we focused on one ecomorph of C. violacea that inhabits coral reefs across a range of environmental conditions. Using genome-wide data and a global ocean-climate database, we identified signatures of geographic isolation and local adaptation. We saw four genetically distinct groups, consistent with results from Chapter One, with most divergence in peripheral populations. Searching for genetic associations with ocean climate variables, we found that the strongest driver of local adaptation was sea surface temperature variation. Our results show that local adaption to different environments likely reinforces neutral divergence, especially in peripheral populations.
Understanding the scale of connectivity and adaptation among marine populations can inform fisheries conservation and management. We used a combination of advanced genomic techniques and experimental methods to determine the scale of connectivity and adaptation in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus. Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing genotyped 7163 SNPs in 245 individuals across 12 populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Subsequent analysis of these data identified a strong separation between populations north and south of Nova Scotia and identified an association between population structure and the coldest temperatures experienced by scallop populations. Common garden experiments on a northern and southern populations found that larvae from the north grew more quickly overall, potentially an adaptive strategy to the northern winter. These observations contribute to growing evidence of fine-scale population structure and adaptation in marine systems and support the hypothesis that a combination of limited dispersal and adaptive differentiation drives sea scallop population structure.
Embryonic and larval stages are thought to be more sensitive to environmental fluctuations than later life history stages. Therefore, examining how marine larval gastropods might be affected by climate change stressors, in this case, high temperatures and ocean acidification (OA), becomes important for predicting long-term outcomes such as recruitment success and population structure.
A comprehensive volume providing broad and detailed coverage of marine mussels Marine Mussels: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture provides readers with in-depth, fully up-to-date information on all major aspects of marine mussels. Written by an internationally renowned expert in the field, this authoritative volume addresses morphology, ecology, ­feeding, phylogeny and evolution, reproduction and larval development, settlement and recruitment, genetics, disease, management of culture systems and more. The book encompasses many different species of marine mussels: genus Mytilus, other important commercial marine genera such as Perna, Aulacomya and Choromytilus, and non-commercial genera including Modiolus, Geukensia, Brachidontes and hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus. Comprising twelve extensively cross-referenced chapters, the book discusses a diversity of integrated topics that range from fundamental physiology of marine mussels to new techniques being applied in their biology and ecology. Author Elizabeth Gosling reviews contemporary developments and issues in the field such as the use of DNA genetic markers in detecting and diagnosing different strains of pathogenic bacteria, the use of mussels as monitors of marine contaminants, sophisticated modelling techniques that simulate disease and forecast outbreaks, and the impacts of global warming, ocean acidification and hypoxia on marine mussels. Presenting an inclusive, highly detailed treatment of mussel biology, physiology, genetics, and culture, this invaluable resource: Contains thorough descriptions of external and internal anatomy, global and local distribution patterns, the impacts of mussels on marine ecosystems, and the processes of circulation, respiration, excretion and osmoregulation Reflects significant advances in mussel science and new areas of research in marine mussels Describes the fundamentals of mussel aquaculture, the types and levels of contaminants in the marine environment and new approaches for sustainable aquaculture development Discusses the application of genetic methods, population genetics, global breeding programmes and the emerging area of bivalve genomics Addresses the role of mussels in disease transmission to humans, including production and processing controls, regulation of monitoring and quality control Marine Mussels: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture is essential reading for biological scientists, researchers, instructors and advanced students in the fields of biology, ecology, aquaculture, environmental science, toxicology, genetics, pathology, taxonomy and public health.
The Extreme Life of the Sea exposes the eternal darkness of the deepest undersea trenches to show how marine life thrives against the odds, describing how flying fish strain to escape their predators, how predatory deep-sea fish use red searchlights only they can see to find and attack food, and how, at the end of her life, a mother octopus dedicates herself to raising her batch of young.
Anyone who has ever stood on the shores of Monterey Bay, watching the rolling ocean waves and frolicking otters, knows it is a unique place. But even residents on this idyllic California coast may not realize its full history. Monterey began as a natural paradise, but became the poster child for industrial devastation in John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row,and is now one of the most celebrated shorelines in the world. It is a remarkable story of life, death, and revival—told here for the first time in all its stunning color and bleak grays. The Death and Life of Monterey Bay begins in the eighteenth century when Spanish and French explorers encountered a rocky shoreline brimming with life—raucous sea birds, abundant sea otters, barking sea lions, halibut the size of wagon wheels,waters thick with whales. A century and a half later, many of the sea creatures had disappeared, replaced by sardine canneries that sickened residents with their stench but kept the money flowing. When the fish ran out and the climate turned,the factories emptied and the community crumbled. But today,both Monterey’s economy and wildlife are resplendent. How did it happen? The answer is deceptively simple: through the extraordinary acts of ordinary people. The Death and Life of Monterey Bay is the biography of a place, but also of the residents who reclaimed it. Monterey is thriving because of an eccentric mayor who wasn’t afraid to use pistols, axes, or the force of law to protect her coasts. It is because of fishermen who love their livelihood, scientists who are fascinated by the sea’s mysteries, and philanthropists and community leaders willing to invest in a world-class aquarium. The shores of Monterey Bay revived because of human passion—passion that enlivens every page of this hopeful book.
The interdisciplinary field of marine chemical ecology is an expanding and dynamic science. It is no surprise that the breadth of marine organisms studied expanded in concert with developments in underwater technology. With its up-to-date subject reviews by experts, Marine Chemical Ecology is the most current, comprehensive book on the subject. The
A study of comparative physiology that explains the ways in which specific bodily systems function in different species.