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A compendium of Northeast Pacific salmon ecology, encompassing all five salmon and two trout species of Oncorhynchus--with Oregon coho salmon, the author's specialty for the past decade, acting as centerpiece. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout explains the patterns of mate choice, the competition for nest sites, and the fate of the salmon after their death. It describes the lives of offspring during the months they spend incubating in gravel, growing in fresh water, and migrating out to sea to mature. This thorough, up-to-date survey should be on the shelf of everyone with a professional or personal interest in Pacific salmon and trout. Written in a technically accurate but engaging style, it will appeal to a wide range of readers, including students, anglers, biologists, conservationists, legislators, and armchair naturalists.
Every year, countless juvenile Pacific salmon leave streams and rivers on their migration to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. After periods ranging from a few months to several years, adult salmon enter rivers along the coasts of Asia and North America to spawn and complete their life cycle. Within this general outline, various life history patterns, both among and within species, involve diverse ways of exploiting freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. There are seven species of Pacific salmon. Five (coho, chinook chum, pink, and sockeye) occur in both North America and Asia. Their complex life histories and spectacular migrations have long fascinated biologists and amateurs alike. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon provides comprehensive reviews by leading researchers of the physiological adaptations that allow Pacific Salmon to sustain themselves in the diverse environments in which they live. It begins with an analysis of energy expenditure and continues with reviews of locomotion, growth, feeding, and nutrition. Subsequent chapters deal with osmotic adjustments enabling the passage between fresh and salt water, nitrogen excretion and regulation of acid-base balance, circulation and gas transfer, and finally, responses to stress. This thorough and authoritative volume will be a valuable reference for students and researchers of biology and fisheries science as they seek to understand the environmental requirements for the perpetuation of these unique and valuable species.
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are key elements of ecological systems, and play an important role in the cultural foundation of human societies. All species of wild salmon face multiple, simultaneous threats, with habitat degradation likely playing a key role in survival. Open net-pen salmon farms can degrade important nursery marine habitat for wild juvenile salmon by disrupting natural salmonid host-parasite dynamics. The first two chapters in this thesis examine louse parasitism of wild juvenile chum (Oncorhynchus keta), pink (O. gorbuscha), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) in relation to their marine migration past salmon farms. I compare sites of low and high exposure to salmon farms, and include two areas without farms on British Columbia's central and north coasts to assess baseline infection levels. Louse prevalence and abundance were lowest and most similar to natural baseline levels at low exposure sites, and highest at high exposure sites in all farm regions. A significantly greater proportion of the lice infecting juvenile chum and pink salmon were Lepeophtheirus salmonis at high exposure sites. Caligus clemensi was the principal louse species infecting all juveniles in areas without salmon farms, and at low exposure sites within salmon farm regions; C. clemensi was also the dominant louse to infect juvenile sockeye that migrated past farms. Mixed-effects modelling results showed that exposure to salmon farms was the most consistent factor to explain the variation in louse infection levels, and support my hypothesis that salmon farms are a major source of sea lice on juvenile wild salmon in regions with salmon farms. I discovered that juvenile sockeye at one particular location within the Georgia Strait hosted unusually high lice levels; this location was situated at a distance from salmon farms, but near a farm salmon processing facility. Upon further investigation, I found live sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, mucus, and fish tissue in effluent discharged from the processing facility. Sea lice transmitted from this source may pose a threat to wild salmon populations, and the release of potentially untreated offal, including blood water, is of considerable concern. These results form the third chapter in my thesis. Given the challenges facing juvenile salmon in general, and sockeye from the Fraser River in particular (i.e., 2009 was the lowest return on record), and because poor habitat conditions within Georgia Strait are considered the major cause of the recent decline in Fraser River sockeye, this raises the question as to whether food limitations are a factor. The final chapter in my thesis examines the prey assemblage, diet composition, and foraging selectivity of juvenile sockeye, and investigates whether food limitations can be detected during early migration through Georgia Strait. Juvenile sockeye demonstrated high prey diversity, with preference for particular prey. Prey were more concentrated in the north, which may help explain migratory behavior of juveniles through the study region, and temporal similarities in sockeye foraging success may reflect short-term food resource stability ...
Pacific salmon are an important biological and economic resource of countries of the North Pacific rim. They are also a unique group of fish possessing unusually complex life histories. There are seven species of Pacific salmon, five occurring on both the North American and Asian continents (sockeye, pink, chum, chinook, and coho) and two (masu and amago) only in Asia. The life cycle of the Pacific salmon begins in the autumn when the adult female deposits eggs that are fertilized in gravel beds in rivers or lakes. The young emerge from the gravel the following spring and will either migrate immediately to salt water or spend one or more years in a river or lake before migrating. Migrations in the ocean are extensive during the feeding and growing phase, covering thousands of kilometres. After one or more years the maturing adults find their way back to their home river, returning to their ancestral breeding grounds to spawn. They die after spawning and the eggs in the gravel signify a new cycle. Upon this theme Pacific salmon have developed many variations, both between as well as within species. Pacific Salmon Life Histories provides detailed descriptions of the different life phases through which each of the seven species passes. Each chapter is written by a scientist who has spent years studying and observing a particular species of salmon. Some of the topics covered are geographic distribution, transplants, freshwater life, ocean life, development, growth, feeding, diet, migration, and spawning behaviour. The text is richly supplemented by numerous maps, illustrations, colour plates, and tables and there is a detailed general index, as well as a useful geographical index.
The reports in this Bulletin summarize the studies of the early marine period of the life history of juvenile Pacific salmon. Review paper included: 1) A history of the research on the early marine life of Pacific salmon off Canada's Pacific coast; 2) Japanese studies on the early ocean life of juvenile salmon; 3) Review of Russian marine investigations of juvenile Pacific salmon; 4) Research conducted by the United States on the early ocean life of Pacific salmon.
The symposium "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options',' and this book resulted from initial efforts in 1992 by Robert J. Naiman and Deanna J. Stouder to examine the problem of declining Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Our primary goal was to determine informational gaps. As we explored different scientific sources, state, provincial, and federal agencies, as well as non-profit and fishing organizations, we found that the information existed but was not being communicated across institutional and organizational boundaries. At this juncture, we decided to create a steering committee and plan a symposium to bring together researchers, managers, and resource users. The steering committee consisted of members from state and federal agencies, non-profit organizations, and private industry (see Acknowledgments for names and affiliations). In February 1993, we met at the University of Washington in Seattle to begin planning the symposium. The steering committee spent the next four months developing the conceptual framework for the symposium and the subsequent book. Our objectives were to accomplish the following: (1) assess changes in anadromous Pacific Northwest salmonid populations, (2) examine factors responsible for those changes, and (3) identify options available to society to restore Pacific salmon in the Northwest. The symposium on Pacific Salmon was held in Seattle, Washington, January 10-12, 1994. Four hundred and thirty-five people listened to oral presentations and examined more than forty posters over two and a half days. We made a deliberate attempt to draw in speakers and attendees from outside the Pacific Northwest.
The symposium "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options',' and this book resulted from initial efforts in 1992 by Robert J. Naiman and Deanna J. Stouder to examine the problem of declining Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Our primary goal was to determine informational gaps. As we explored different scientific sources, state, provincial, and federal agencies, as well as non-profit and fishing organizations, we found that the information existed but was not being communicated across institutional and organizational boundaries. At this juncture, we decided to create a steering committee and plan a symposium to bring together researchers, managers, and resource users. The steering committee consisted of members from state and federal agencies, non-profit organizations, and private industry (see Acknowledgments for names and affiliations). In February 1993, we met at the University of Washington in Seattle to begin planning the symposium. The steering committee spent the next four months developing the conceptual framework for the symposium and the subsequent book. Our objectives were to accomplish the following: (1) assess changes in anadromous Pacific Northwest salmonid populations, (2) examine factors responsible for those changes, and (3) identify options available to society to restore Pacific salmon in the Northwest. The symposium on Pacific Salmon was held in Seattle, Washington, January 10-12, 1994. Four hundred and thirty-five people listened to oral presentations and examined more than forty posters over two and a half days. We made a deliberate attempt to draw in speakers and attendees from outside the Pacific Northwest.