Download Free Early Life Stress Induces Genetic Mosaicism Within The Developing Brain Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Early Life Stress Induces Genetic Mosaicism Within The Developing Brain and write the review.

The data presented in the following chapters of this dissertation are meant to address how psychological and physiological stressors alter the retrotransposon, Line1, and how these changes may relate to behavioral outcomes with specific focus on biological sex as a covariate. A number of psychiatric disorders display a sex bias with women more often diagnosed with depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while men are more often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse. Therefore, we hypothesized that early life stress would impact neonatal and juvenile development and that these changes may be dependent on biological sex (Chapter I). Specifically, we asked how exposure to stressful experiences early in life alters Line1 activity within the developing brain and if these adverse experiences resulted in altered Line1 DNA copy number within the genome. Line1 is a retrotransposon that has the ability to self-replicate via reverse transcription and insert itself into DNA, thereby increasing Line1 copy number throughout the genome. We present evidence that early life stress alters Line1 in a sex-specific manner in the neonatal hippocampus (Chapter II) suggesting that early life experiences have the propensity to affect Line1 activity altering the underlying genetic sequence. In Chapter III, we provide evidence that exposure to early life stress is capable of altering juvenile social behavior, indicating that early experiences have the propensity to affect long-lasting behavioral changes. Additionally, early life stress alters Line1 DNA copy number within the amygdala, consequently changing genetic sequences within this region during the juvenile stage of development. These data suggest that exposure to stressful experiences early in life has the capacity to alter genomic sequences within the brain in a region-specific manner, resulting in genomic heterogeneity. In Chapter IV, we then asked if a physiological stressor, binge alcohol consumption, alters Line1 activity. As preconception binge alcohol consumption has the capacity to influence social behavior of future offspring, we examined if Line1 is also altered in the offspring of parents that engaged in adolescent binge alcohol consumption. In addition, we examined how binge alcohol consumption influences Line1 activity in those offspring born from parents that engaged in adolescent alcohol consumption and if biological sex modified this response. We report that Line1 is altered in the offspring of parents that engaged in rapid alcohol intoxication during adolescence, and this response is influenced by biological sex. The data from this chapter suggest that some biological responses of engaging in adolescent alcohol consumption is transmitted to future offspring. As the frequency of Line1 retrotransposition is influenced by heterochromatin states, we then examined if early life stress alters the levels of topoisomerases, molecules implicated in modifying heterochromatin formation. In Chapter V, we find that experiencing stress early in life modifies some topoisomerases, proving a potential pathway by which early life stress can modify the activity of Line1 retrotransposition. Overall, our data demonstrates that psychological and physiological stressors alter Line1 activity and contributes to the idea that early life experiences have the capacity to reshape not only our epigenome but the underlying sequence as well.
The early postnatal period is a crucial stage for hippocampal development. During this critical period, the neonatal hippocampus is highly sensitive to the detrimental consequences of adverse environmental factors. Extensive clinical and preclinical evidence has shown that traumatic events early in life have profound and persistent effects on hippocampal function and behavior. This research topic focuses on the acute and lasting effects of early-life stress on various developmental processes in the hippocampus, and aims to uncover the molecules that are responsible for early-life stress-programmed effects and underlie resilience or vulnerability to stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. We hope the articles in this research topic will provide novel insights and stimulate future studies on the mechanisms of early-life stress and brain development.
This innovative collection extends the emerging field of stress biology to examine the effects of a substantial source of early-life stress: child abuse and neglect. Research findings across endocrinology, immunology, neuroscience, and genomics supply new insights into the psychological variables associated with adversity in children and its outcomes. These compelling interdisciplinary data add to a promising model of biological mechanisms involved in individual resilience amid chronic maltreatment and other trauma. At the same time, these results also open out distinctive new possibilities for serving vulnerable children and youth, focusing on preventing, intervening in, and potentially even reversing the effects of chronic early trauma. Included in the coverage: Biological embedding of child maltreatment Toward an adaptation-based approach to resilience Developmental traumatology: brain development and maltreated children with and without PTSD Childhood maltreatment and pediatric PTSD: abnormalities in threat neural circuitry An integrative temporal framework for psychological resilience The Biology of Early Life Stress is important reading for child maltreatment researchers; clinical psychologists; educators in counseling, psychology, trauma, and nursing; physicians; and state- and federal-level policymakers. Advocates, child and youth practitioners, and clinicians in general will find it a compelling resource.
This state-of-the-art Handbook on the research and treatment of anxiety and related disorders is the most internationally and clinically oriented Handbook currently available, encompassing a broad network of researchers, from leading experts in the field to rising stars. The very first handbook to cover anxiety disorders according to the new DSM-5 criteria Published in two volumes, the International Handbook provides the most wide-ranging treatment of the state-of-the-art research in the anxiety disorders Offers a truly international aspect, including authors from different continents and covering issues of relevance to non-Western countries Includes discussion of the latest treatments, including work on persistence of compulsions, virtual reality exposure therapy, cognitive bias modification, cognitive enhancers, and imagery rescripting Covers treatment failures, transdiagnostic approaches, and includes treatment issues for children as well as the older population Edited by leaders in the field, responsible for some of the most important advances in our understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders 2 Volumes
Hormon / Stress.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
The Mosaic of Autoimmunity: The Novel Factors of Autoimmune Diseases describes the multifactorial origin and diversity of expression of autoimmune diseases in humans. The term implies that different combinations of factors in autoimmunity produce varying and unique clinical pictures in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Most of the factors involved in autoimmunity can be categorized into four groups: genetic, immune defects, hormonal and environmental factors. In this book, the environmental factors are reviewed, including infectious agents, vaccines as triggers of autoimmunity, smoking and its relationship with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases. An entirely new syndrome, the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), is also included, along with other diseases that are now recognized as having an autoimmune etiopathogenesis. Highlights the concept of the mosaic of autoimmune manifestations Includes new visions on unsuspected molecules Provides updated knowledge to physicians helping patients with autoimmune diseases Presents thorough, up-to-date information on specific diseases, along with clinical applications
In the years following publication of the DSM-5(R), the field of psychiatry has seen vigorous debate between the DSM's more traditional, diagnosis-oriented approach and the NIMH's more biological, dimension-based RDoC (research domain criteria) approach. Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness is an authoritative foundation for translating information from the laboratory to clinical treatment, and its fifth edition extends beyond this reference function to acknowledge and examine the controversies, different camps, and thoughts on the future of psychiatric diagnosis. In this wider context, this book provides information from numerous levels of analysis, including molecular biology and genetics, cellular physiology, neuroanatomy, neuropharmacology, epidemiology, and behavior. Sections and chapters are edited and authored by experts at the top of their fields. No other book distills the basic science and underpinnings of mental disorders-and highlights practical clinical significance-to the scope and breadth of this classic text. In this edition, Section 1, which reviews the methods used to examine the biological basis of mental illness in animal and cell models and in humans, has been expanded to reflect critically important technical advances in complex genetics (including powerful sequencing technologies and related bioinformatics), epigenetics, stem cell biology, optogenetics, neural circuit functioning, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. This range of established and emerging methodologies offer groundbreaking advances in our ability to study the brain as well as unique opportunities for the translation of preclinical and clinical research into badly needed breakthroughs in our therapeutic toolkit. Sections 2 through 7 cover the neurobiology and genetics of major psychiatric disorders: psychoses (including bipolar disorder), mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, dementias, and disorders of childhood onset. Also covered within these sections is a summary of current therapeutic approaches for these illnesses as well as the ways in which research advances are now guiding the search for new treatments. Each of these parts has been augmented in several different areas as a reflection of research progress. The last section, Section 8, reconfigured in this new edition, now focuses on diagnostic schemes for mental illness. This includes an overview of the unique challenges that remain in diagnosing these disorders given our still limited knowledge of disease etiology and pathophysiology. The section then provides reviews of DSM-5(R), which forms the basis of psychiatric diagnosis in the United States for all clinical work, and of RDoC, which provides an alternative perspective on diagnosis in heavy use in the research community. Also included are chapters on future efforts toward precision and computational psychiatry, which promise to someday align diagnosis with underlying biological abnormalities.
With recent studies using genetic, epigenetic, and other molecular and neurochemical approaches, a new era has begun in understanding pathophysiology of suicide. Emerging evidence suggests that neurobiological factors are not only critical in providing potential risk factors but also provide a promising approach to develop more effective treatment and prevention strategies. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide discusses the most recent findings in suicide neurobiology. Psychological, psychosocial, and cultural factors are important in determining the risk factors for suicide; however, they offer weak prediction and can be of little clinical use. Interestingly, cognitive characteristics are different among depressed suicidal and depressed nonsuicidal subjects, and could be involved in the development of suicidal behavior. The characterization of the neurobiological basis of suicide is in delineating the risk factors associated with suicide. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide focuses on how and why these neurobiological factors are crucial in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicidal behavior and how these findings can be transformed into potential therapeutic applications.