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Solar X-ray, extreme ultraviolet, H[alpha] and radio emission were studies to determine what solar radiation is best suited for an automatic flare alarm system aboard a satellite for the detection of the start of a solar flare. Although hard X-rays ([lambda] “1 Å), centimeter-wavelength solar radio bursts, and flashes at certain EUV wavelengths usually have faster rise times and peak earlier than soft X-rays in the 2-16 Å range, the data available to date show that on the average the start time of the 2-16 Å X-rays occurs earlier than the start times for these other types of data. The early start times and large percentage increase of 2-16 Å X-rays make this radiation the best suited for the automatic detection of solar flares for the present state of the art of solar radiation measurements.
An extensive data base consisting of VLF records for 130 different propagation paths over a 2-year period was analyzed statistically to study the correlation of VLF propagation changes with solar X-ray events recorded by satellites. Results of the study indicate that with reasonable restrictions on path illumination conditions, it is possible to detect and classify solar X-ray flares, in near realtime, by proper interpretation of VLF phase and amplitude variations. A method of calibrating VLF paths for this purpose is discussed, and a possible global network of receiving stations capable of 24-hr per day monitoring of solar X-rays is described.
Physics of Geomagnetic phenomena, Volume I covers the significant advances in geomagnetism and the penetrations into the generation of geomagnetic field phenomena. This volume is composed of three chapters. Chapter I deals briefly with the discovery and developments in geomagnetism, followed by discussions on some fundamental topics of the field, including the aurora and geomagnetic storms. This chapter also considers the instruments, geomagnetic stations, and the correlations between geomagnetic indices. Chapter II describes the magnetic properties of minerals and various processes of acquisition of remanent magnetization. This chapter also provides palaeomagnetic data for the direction and intensity of the geomagnetic field in ancient times. Chapter III explores geomagnetic variations caused by solar flares and eclipses. This book will prove useful to physicists, students in upper atmospheric and space topics, and scientists in allied fields with a background in geomagnetism.
FROM THE REVIEWS "An excellent guide to present-day studies of the Sun and our stars impact on Earths space environmentcolorful (and useful) images and a thoughtful organization.A great read, written with enthusiasm and knowledge. " "An excellent guidea serious yet broadly accessible account of what science has learned about the Sun to date. With quotes from songs and poems, pictures ranging from impressionistic paintings to state-of-the-art photographs to computer graphics, this book is a delight."
Solar flares are the most energetic events in our Solar System. They consist of sudden energy release from reconfiguration of magnetic fields, leading to acceleration of particles to relativistic energies. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray observations of the Sun present a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms of high-energy emission as well as particle acceleration and transport in solar flares. I will present the results of the first 9 years of observations of the active Sun by the Fermi-LAT, which represents the largest sample to date of detected solar flares with emission greater than 30 MeV. Some of the new detections confirm the standard models for solar flares based on observations from past missions in the 1980s and 90s, but new behaviors have also been identified: detections of delayed gamma-ray emission lasting up to 20 hours and the first detection of gamma-ray emission above 100 MeV from three solar flares originating from behind the visible part of the Sun. Considering all of the 46 flares detected by the Fermi-LAT, I will describe the characteristics of the first gamma-ray solar flare catalog covering Solar Cycle 24, exploring trends and correlations with the most relevant solar events: X-ray emission, coronal mass ejections, and direct detection of solar energetic particles.