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An arrangement of hyperplanes is a finite collection of codimension one affine subspaces in a finite dimensional vector space. Arrangements have emerged independently as important objects in various fields of mathematics such as combinatorics, braids, configuration spaces, representation theory, reflection groups, singularity theory, and in computer science and physics. This book is the first comprehensive study of the subject. It treats arrangements with methods from combinatorics, algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and group actions. It emphasizes general techniques which illuminate the connections among the different aspects of the subject. Its main purpose is to lay the foundations of the theory. Consequently, it is essentially self-contained and proofs are provided. Nevertheless, there are several new results here. In particular, many theorems that were previously known only for central arrangements are proved here for the first time in completegenerality. The text provides the advanced graduate student entry into a vital and active area of research. The working mathematician will findthe book useful as a source of basic results of the theory, open problems, and a comprehensive bibliography of the subject.
This is the third in a series of conferences devoted primarily to the theory and applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. The first such event was held in Innsbruck, Austria, in April 1993, the second in Ales, France, in April 1995. We are pleased to host the 1997 event in the mediaeval city of Norwich, England, and to carryon the fine tradition set by its predecessors of providing a relaxed and stimulating environment for both established and emerging researchers working in these and other, related fields. This series of conferences is unique in recognising the relation between the two main themes of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms, each having its origin in a natural process fundamental to life on earth, and each now well established as a paradigm fundamental to continuing technological development through the solution of complex, industrial, commercial and financial problems. This is well illustrated in this volume by the numerous applications of both paradigms to new and challenging problems. The third key theme of the series, therefore, is the integration of both technologies, either through the use of the genetic algorithm to construct the most effective network architecture for the problem in hand, or, more recently, the use of neural networks as approximate fitness functions for a genetic algorithm searching for good solutions in an 'incomplete' solution space, i.e. one for which the fitness is not easily established for every possible solution instance.
Tables of Spectral Lines of Neutral and Ionized Atoms was first published in Moscow in 1966. All misprints and errors that have come to our attention have been corrected, and additions based on journal articles have been made for the Plenum Press edition. In particular, additions have been made in the tables for Li (4], C I [1], N I (1], N IV [12], and N V [14]. Such highly important spectra as those of N IV, NV, 0 IV, 0 V, and 0 VI in the visible and partially in the ultraviolet regions have, until recently, re ceived almost no attention in the laboratory. The tables of these spectra in clude astrophysical data from B. Edlen (Z. Astrophys. , 7:378, 1933) and C. E. Moore (A Multiplet Table of Astrophysical Interest, Part I, N. B. S. , 1945) with rather rough estimates of the wavelengths of the spectral lines. But as the spectra of highly ionized atoms have been studied in the laboratory, these values have been determined more precisely, and we have striven to incorporate them in the American edition of the book. For the spectra of N IV and NV, we have employed the recent, comprehensive papers of R. Hallin (Arkiv for Fysik, 32:201, 1966; 31:511, 1966), in which the system of energy levels was refined and expanded, and many classified lines in the visible, ordinary ultra violet, and vacuum ultraviolet regions are cited.