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This incisive book addresses the history of poverty in the US, addressing how those in need have been understood and administered during the last 70 years. Launching a multi-faceted investigation into the history of US government attitudes to welfare, John Macnicol identifies the key features of historic and contemporary discussions on poverty in the US and the dynamic changes in American attitudes to its poorest constituents.
The topic of welfare arouses a flood of emotional and often knee-jerk reactions - allegations of gross abuse and corruption, accounts of bureaucratic nightmares, pronouncements of moral outrage, and not a few ill-concealed racial stereotypes. In this book, two of the leading experts uncover the reality of welfare and point the way to practical and thoughtful new policies. The authors cover a very broad landscape, ranging from the nature of welfare administration to the duration and dynamics of welfare to explanations for welfare "dependency" to policy proposals, both modest and bold. They attempt what is nearly impossible: to examine welfare, its recipients, its providers, and the swirl of policy ideas with calm and clarity. Concentrating on the program called AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), they examine the demographics of the populations receiving assistance, the duration of that aid - who receives benefits for a long time and who only briefly, during important transitional periods - and the prospects facing AFDC recipients within the current administrative culture. The authors identify three models that have been used to explain "welfare dependency" and test them against an accumulating body of evidence. They offer suggestions for identifying potential long-term recipients so that resources can be targeted to encourage self-sufficiency. Finally, the authors present recommendations for changing the current welfare system. Welfare realities is must-reading for policy analysts and policymakers, and of great interest to everyone who wants to know: can the current system be reformed - or should it be replaced?
This volume represents the beginning of a 'cross pollination' of different social scientific disciplines, bridging the boundaries between national and disciplinary epistemic communities in the worlds of European welfare markets. It maps the common ground and uncovers new research directions for the future study of actors, policies and institutions shaping the growth and dynamics of European welfare markets. The book defines welfare markets as politically shaped, regulated and state supported markets that provide social goods and services through the competitive activities of non-state actors. The chapters focus on what happens after states have initiated welfare markets, with equal weight given to the analysis of the agency of state actors and non-state actors in the contraction, stabilisation, and disruption of welfare markets. By focusing the analysis on two cases of welfare markets, private pensions and home-based domestic/care work, the contributions explore and compare the dynamics of different types of markets. The research will be of use to sociologists and scholars of social policy interested in the social dimension of welfare markets, political scientists and political economists, as well as diverse epistemic communities across the social sciences. Chapter 1 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.