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En droit international de l’investissement, le prisme de l’expropriation indirecte couvre une large catégorie de mesures – telles que les réglementations – qui n’impliquent pas de transfert de propriété mais aboutissent à une grave interférence avec un investissement. La définition des dépossessions indemnisables constitue une question extrêmement sensible, située à la croisée des chemins entre la protection des droits des investisseurs et la préservation des prérogatives de l’Etat. Cet ouvrage explore, à travers l’exemple de la réglementation environnementale, le droit applicable à cette notion controversée. Il montre que l’approche traditionnelle – reposant sur une dilution du concept d’expropriation – n’est nullement appropriée et il contribue à clarifier l’étendue de la protection de l’investisseur sur le fondement du droit de la responsabilité internationale de l’Etat. In international investment law, the prism of indirect expropriation includes a broad range of measures – such as regulatory measures – which do not involve a transfer of property but result in a serious interference with an investment. The definition of compensable taking is a very sensitive issue situated at the crossroads between the protection of investors' private rights and the safeguarding of the state's sovereign prerogatives. This book explores, through the example of environmental regulation, the law applicable to this controversial topic. It suggests that the traditional approach – based on an extension of the concept of expropriation – is inappropriate and it contributes to clarifying the scope of the international protection of the investor on the ground of the law of state responsibility.
Le droit de l'environnement, droit objectif contemporain dont relèvent les éléments naturels, représente un important facteur d'évolution pour le droit des biens (droit objectif classique). Grâce aux progrès scientifiques, ces éléments sont aujourd'hui appréhendés sous l'angle écologique. Aussi, assistons-nous à la reconnaissance de nouvelles formes de biens, dont les spécificités commencent à être considérées par le droit. Or, cette nouvelle appréhension des éléments naturels est révélatrice des limites écologiques du droit des biens, qui doit évoluer pour s'adapter. Car, il existe une inadéquation des qualifications juridiques classiques (quant à la nature des biens, leurs modalités d'utilisation et leurs possibilités d'appropriation). De plus, on relève l'absence de statuts juridiques spécifiques, qui pourrait être comblée par la création d'une patrimonialité environnementale. En contre partie l'évolution du droit des biens, et particulièrement celle des droits réels (droits subjectifs relevant de celui-ci), représente un facteur de cohésion pour le droit de l'environnement Ce dernier pouvant se structurer autour des instruments offerts par les premiers. Ainsi, le droit de l'environnement pourrait s'articuler, d'une part, entre les limitations apportées à l'exercice des prérogatives de droits réels que représentent les superpositions de droits, les démembrements et les servitudes à des fins de protection. Et d'autre part, il pourrait s'articuler à travers la conjonction de ces mêmes prérogatives, par le biais de la concertation et de la coopération à des fins de meilleure gestion, entre les divers détenteurs de ces droits portant sur des biens-naturels.
This book has been published by Allenvi (French National Alliance for Environmental Research) to coincide with the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) in Marrakesh. It is the outcome of work by academic researchers on both sides of the Mediterranean and provides a remarkable scientific review of the mechanisms of climate change and its impacts on the environment, the economy, health and Mediterranean societies. It will also be valuable in developing responses that draw on “scientific evidence” to address the issues of adaptation, resource conservation, solutions and risk prevention. Reflecting the full complexity of the Mediterranean environment, the book is a major scientific contribution to the climate issue, where various scientific considerations converge to break down the boundaries between disciplines.
Interdisciplinary in approach, this volume explores and deciphers the symbolic value and iconicity of the built environment in the Arab Gulf Region, its aesthetics, language and performative characteristics. Bringing together a range of studies by artists, curators and scholars, it demonstrates how Dubai appeared - at least until the financial crisis - to be leading the construction race and has already completed a large number of its landmark architecture and strategic facilities. In contrast, cities like the Qatari capital Doha still appear to be heavily ‘under construction’ and in countries like the Sultanate of Oman, ultra-luxury tourism projects were started only recently. While the construction of artificial islands, theme parks and prestige sport facilities has attracted considerable attention, much less is known about the region’s widespread implementation of innovative infrastructure such as global container ports, free zones, inter-island causeways and metro lines. This volume argues that these endeavours are not simply part of a strategy to prepare for the post-oil era for future economic survival and prosperity in the Lower Gulf region, but that they are also aiming to strengthen identitarian patterns and specific national brands. In doing so, they exhibit similar, yet remarkably diverse modes of engaging with certain global trends and present - questionably - distinct ideas for putting themselves on the global map. Each country aims to grab attention with regard to the world-wide flow of goods and capital and thus provide its own citizens with a socially acceptable trajectory for the future. By doing that, the countries in the Gulf are articulating a new semiotic and paradigm of urban development. For the first time, this volume maps these trends in their relation to architecture and infrastructure, in particular by treating them as semiotics in their own right. It suggests that recent developments in this region of the world not only represent a showcase of extraordinary initiatives by which these desert states have transformed, but also that the commodification of local ‘traditions’ acts as an essential element in the countries’ effort to design an Arab version of (hyper-)modernity and to position themselves as a regional and global archetype, which has frequently been adopted elsewhere.
Richard Florida outlines how certain cities succeed in attracting members of the 'creative class' - the key economic growth asset - and argues that, in order to prosper, cities must harness this creative potential.
This book explores Dubai's history from its beginnings as a small fishing village to its place on the world stage today, using historical narratives, travel descriptions, novels and fictional accounts by local writers to bring colour to€the history of the city's urban development. With case studies and surveys€the author explores the economic and political forces driving Dubai's urban growth, its changing urbanity and its place within the global city network.
Aquaculture is developing, expanding and intensifying in almost all regions of the world, except in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the sector appears to be capable of meeting the gap between future demand and supply for aquatic food, there are many constraints and challenges which must be addressed in order to at least maintain the present level of per capita consumption at the global level. Key issues are the need for enhanced enforcement of regulation and better governance of the sector, as well as greater producer participation in the decision-making and regulation process. This publication examines past trends in aquaculture development as well as the current global status, drawing on a number of national and regional reviews.
The practice of city branding is being adopted by increasing numbers of city authorities around the world and it is having a direct impact on public and private sector practice. The author captures this emerging phenomenon in a way that blends a solid theoretical and conceptual underpinning together with relevant real life cases.