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The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its negative economic effects create an urgent need for timely data and evidence to help monitor and mitigate the social and economic impacts of the crisis and protect the welfare of the least well-off in Ethiopia's society. To monitor the impacts of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic on Ethiopia's economy and people and inform interventions and policy responses, the World Bank Ethiopia team, in collaboration with the government, designed and implemented two high-frequency phone surveys, one with firms and one with households.
As COVID-19 continues to disrupt the Ethiopian economy, a major concern is that the pre-existing gendered challenges facing women entrepreneurs, in access to capital and hired labor, for example, will worsen, further undermining the survival and performance of women-owned firms. However, very little data exist to monitor the gender differences in impacts brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, in April 2020, the World Bank launched a high-frequency phone survey (HFPS-F) of a random sample of firms in Addis Ababa to collect detailed information on firm operations, hiring and firing, and expectations of future operations and labor demand. The analysis that follows draws on the three rounds of the HFPS-F survey implemented between April 15 and June 18, 2020, consisting of a balanced panel of 454 firms from Addis Ababa.
This edited volume analyzes how the COVID-19 crisis could be transformed into opportunities for those organizations that correctly interpret the change, adapt their strategies accordingly, and increase their chances of success in a post-pandemic scenario. Through this lens, the female role and contribution to recovery are analyzed and discussed in the economic, financial and social context. Even if many aspects set the COVID-19 crisis apart from the latest global financial crises – such as the unusual shutdown of businesses in specific sectors, social distancing regulations, and general uncertainty sparked by the pandemic – the challenges facing all organizations in the current recovery phase can present an opportunity for extraordinary growth and development in Europe. The focus of the contributions gathered here is not on “counting” the damages and losses but rather on monitoring the recovery and on emerging instruments to support national and global economic recovery, while paying special attention to women’s role in it.
Women, Business and the Law 2021 is the seventh in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women’s economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women’s interactions with the law as they move through their lives and careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. This year’s report updates all indicators as of October 1, 2020 and builds evidence of the links between legal gender equality and women’s economic inclusion. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as the pace of reform over the past 50 years, Women, Business and the Law 2021 makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic empowerment. Prepared during a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, this edition also includes important findings on government responses to COVID-19 and pilot research related to childcare and women’s access to justice.
The COVID-19 pandemic has struck businesses across the globe with unprecedented impacts. The world economy has been hit hard and firms have experienced a myriad of challenges, but these challenges have been heterogeneous across firms. This paper examines one important dimension of this heterogeneity: the differential effect of the pandemic on women-led and men-led businesses. The paper exploits a unique sample of close to 40,000 mainly formal businesses from 49 countries covering the months between April and September 2020. The findings show that women-led micro-businesses, women-led businesses in the hospitality industry, and women-led businesses in countries more severely affected by the COVID-19 shock were disproportionately hit compared with businesses led by men. At the same time, women-led micro-firms were markedly more likely to report increasing the use of digital platforms, but less likely to invest in software, equipment, or digital solutions. Finally, the findings also show that women-led businesses were less likely to have received some form of public support although they have been hit harder in some domains. In a crisis of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence tracing the impact of the shock in a timely fashion is desperately needed to help inform the design of policy interventions. This real-time glimpse into women-led businesses fills this need for robust and policy-relevant evidence, and due to the large country coverage of the data, it is possible to identify patterns that extend beyond any one country, region, or sector, but at the cost of some granularity for testing more complex economic theories.
Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon of tremendous societal importance. It is also an elusive phenomenon, and researching entrepreneurship is therefore fun, fascinating and frustrating at times. In Researching Entrepreneurship, Per Davidsson, one of the most highly recognized entrepreneurship scholars shares in a personal and readable way his rich experience and ideas on how entrepreneurship can or should be researched. After a comprehensive treatment of entrepreneurship as societal phenomenon and scholarly domain, the core chapters of the book discuss design, sampling, operationalization and analysis issues on several levels of analysis: individual, venture, firm, industry, region and nation. The book is targeted at doctoral students and other relative newcomers to the field of entrepreneurship research. However, taking a fresh, reflective perspective and looking beyond research conventions, it should provide potential for inspiration and food for thought also for experienced entrepreneurship researchers.
Based on extensive research and the authors' combined thirty years of experience, Discovery-Driven Growth provides a breakthrough system for managing strategic growth. You will learn how to identify and prioritize your company's full portfolio of opportunities - from new product lines to entirely new businesses. The authors then show how to best execute specific initiatives, test major project assumptions, and develop a culture that values disciplined experimentation and learning over meeting mindless and unrealistic goals. Tools for dealing with each challenge are backed by examples from companies, from small firms to global giants, that have successfully put these methods into practice.
This paper talks about how women are being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic economically and socially. It includes how International Business has affected women and how data has been inaccurate towards gender and poverty. It also talks about the long-term effects women will suffer if no action is taken against gender inequalities worldwide.
Despite some recent advances, women continue to be significantly underrepresented in launching new ventures. The persistence of this gap has challenged scholars and policymakers to identify and address the mechanisms underlying this inequity, especially when natural and human-generated crises arise -- a condition that has repeatedly led to unraveling progress for women entrepreneurs. Cognizant of this recurring circumstance, our study investigates the COVID-19 pandemic in order to develop and test new theory concerning the manner in which crises heterogeneously impact the activities of men and women entrepreneurs. Using a large sample of new-firm registrations in China, we find that the pandemic led to a significant drop in the overall rate of entrepreneurial activity. Importantly, embedded in the average rates of business venturing, it is clear that firms founded by women dropped far more than those by men, evidenced by an additional decline of 27.6%. Applying role congruity theory, we find that the household burdens shouldered by women increase the incongruity between female gender roles and entrepreneur roles, leading to substantial differential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurial activities between genders. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of education in attenuating the negative disproportionate effect. These findings increase our understanding of the unique challenges confronted by female entrepreneurs in times, leading to key insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.