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An increase in real interest rates, which is a typical element of financial reforms, does not necessarily involve a positive effect on private investment unless the authorities are careful to ensure that (1) bank deposits are closer substitutes to unproductive assets (cash, gold) and foreign assets than to capital goods, (2) the financial sector assures an efficient allocation of domestic credit, and (3) the flow of domestic credit to the private sector is not absorbed by the needs of the public sector.
The key to sustained recovery in developing countries is the revival of private investment. This revival requires a coordinated set of credible policies - fiscal, exchange rate, tax, and public expenditure restructuring. In several countries the debt overhang is also an obstacle to achieving that credibility.
The recent global ?nancial crisis has made ?nancial liberalization a topic of great academic and practical interest. This book makes new contributions to the topic by combining fact-?nding, empirical analysis, and theory to examine the relationship between ?nancial liberalization and economic growth. Among its contributions, the book provides detailed country assessments on the effects of ?nancial liberalization, including its striking impact on the banking sector. Although an important goal of ?nancial deregulation has been to help ?nancial institutions better perform their role in intermediating resources, the book models how deregulation may fail to achieve that goal in countries with underdeveloped ?nancial markets and institutions. For that purpose, the book draws on actual experience in Kenya, Malawi, Botswana, and Thailand. This book should constitute important reading for students of ?nancial economics, researchers and general academics, ?nancial practitioners, policymakers, and teachers of economics. North Carolina, USA Steven L. Schwarcz December 2008 Stanley A. Star Professor of Law & Business, Duke University Founding Director, Duke Global Capital Markets Center Durham vii Abstract and Preface The latest global ?nancial and economic crisis of 2008 shows the need to - examine the desirability of ?nancial liberalization and the basis for the view that ?nancial deregulation by itself cannot be considered as a substitute for better economic management. The literature on ?nancial liberalization has identi?ed various mechanisms through which removing controls on interest rates may impact economic growth.
The Covid-19 pandemic has aggravated the tension between large development needs in infrastructure and scarce public resources. To alleviate this tension and promote a strong and job-rich recovery from the crisis, Africa needs to mobilize more financing from and to the private sector.
The importance of the financial system in economic development has been frequently neglected by analysts and poorly understood by policymakers. Are there policy reforms, or any particular sequence of reform measures, that will contribute to the successful functioning of the financial system and thus spur long-term economic growth? What kind of regulatory changes are appropriate as countries move toward financial liberalization and as government development banks decline in importance compared to private banks and nonbank financial institutions? What broad lessons can be discerned from the experience of financial reform in Asia and Latin America for the transitional countries of Russia and Eastern Europe? The world's financial system has been buffeted in recent years by the crisis in the U.S. savings and loan industry, the implosion of the Japanese "bubble economy" of the late 1980s, the Mexican peso crisis, and other events. The experience of Western nations in adapting to financial liberalization can provide useful insights for the many countries embarking on a course of market reforms and beginning to build the financial infrastructure for a market economy. This volume analyzes the recent financial reforms and reform strategies in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The chapters draw on the extensive practical experience of the authors and reflect the most recent empirical research in the field. The contributors are Gerald Caprio, Jr., Dimitri Vittas, and Ross Levine, the World Bank; David C. Cole and Betty F. Slade, Harvard Institute for International Development; Maxwell J. Fry, University of Birmingham at Edgbaston; Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Ohio State University; Stephan Haggard, University of California, San Diego; R. Barry Johnston, International Monetary Fund; Philip A. Wellons, Harvard Law School; Lawrence J. White, New York University; and Alison Harwood.
Ten original essays examine the political and institutional factors that influence the initiation and efficiency of preferential credit policies in Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Chile, Mexico, and Brazil.