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This study examines the impact of sanctions on Russian firms and the strategies these firms adopt to counter the effects of targeted sanctions. We utilize institutional theory to explain how firms shape their strategic responses as they balance the institutional pressures from their home environment vis-à-vis sanctioning countries. We gather longitudinal data on Russian firms that faced foreign sanctions from the start of the invasion of Crimea in 2014 until 2020. Our empirical analyses indicate that sanctions do not have a persistent negative effect on the economic performance of Russian firms. We discuss the empirical findings with the help of a series of illustrative examples of specific actions that Russian firms undertook in response to the sanctions. We conclude that while targeted sanctions create symbolic meaning in foreign relations and create financial friction for targeted firms, firms use a variety of adaptation strategies that negate the economic impact of these sanctions.
"The Russia-Ukraine conflict is a critical geopolitical issue with far-reaching implications. Understanding the impact of economic sanctions against Russia in this context provides insights into how nations use economic coercion to influence international events. Because economic sanctions have significant ramifications, studying their effects is crucial for businesses, policymakers, economists, and the public at large. In this book, the editor selected six studies written by researchers from diverse perspectives who all have the particularity to be specialised in economic coercion and/or Russia. We are offering a unique overview of very specific themes that have not been examined before: how can a boycott of Russian oil strengthen/weaken Russia's tendency to autocracy? What are the sociological repercussions for Russian science? Was Russia's import-substitution strategy and industrial production affected by Western sanctions? Which factors influenced firms' decisions to suspend or withdraw business operations in Russia? How were high-tech exports of Russian small and medium-sized enterprises influenced by sanctions? This book will not leave these questions unanswered, and will even go beyond by offering a final chapter that provides a complete and comprehensive assessment of economic sanctions' impact on the Russian economy, covering sanctions implemented between 2014 and 2023"--
Nations and international organizations are increasingly using sanctions as a means to achieve their foreign policy aims. However, sanctions are ineffective if they are executed without a clear strategy responsive to the nature and changing behavior of the target. In The Art of Sanctions, Richard Nephew offers a much-needed practical framework for planning and applying sanctions that focuses not just on the initial sanctions strategy but also, crucially, on how to calibrate along the way and how to decide when sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness. Nephew—a leader in the design and implementation of sanctions on Iran—develops guidelines for interpreting targets’ responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. The efficacy of sanctions lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain. Understanding the interplay of pain and resolve is central to using sanctions both successfully and humanely. With attention to these two key variables, and to how they change over the course of a sanctions regime, policy makers can pinpoint when diplomatic intervention is likely to succeed or when escalation is necessary. Focusing on lessons learned from sanctions on both Iran and Iraq, Nephew provides policymakers with practical guidance on how to measure and respond to pain and resolve in the service of strong and successful sanctions regimes.
This report studies the impact of Western sanctions imposed on Russia since 2014 over the crisis in Ukraine. Providing a European point of view, the report also makes recommendations as to how sanctions could be used effectively and efficiently to produce a diplomatic settlement of the crisis.
The first in-depth scholarly analysis of the effects of Western sanctions, and Russia's response on the Russian economy.
In The Russia Sanctions, Christine Abely examines the international trade measures and sanctions deployed against Russia in response to its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Abely situates contemporary sanctions within their larger historical and economic backgrounds and provides a uniquely accessible analysis of the historic export controls and import restrictions enacted since 2022. She argues that these sanctions have affected, and will continue to affect, global trading patterns, financial integration, and foreign policy in novel ways. In particular, she examines the effects of sanctions on energy, food, fertilizer, the financial system, and the global use of the US dollar, including trends of de-dollarization. Coverage includes sanctions against oligarchs, the freezing and seizure of assets, and steps taken to make sanctions more effective by promoting financial transparency worldwide.
This book presents a cutting-edge analysis of the economic effects and challenges of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, with a special focus on EU sanctions on Russian energy exports and Ukraine's political relationship with the European Union in a global context. Key macroeconomic perspectives on the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine are outlined, highlighting in particular how sanctions imposed by the international community will have a wider economic impact than what has been envisaged thus far. The book discusses the effects of Russian gas supply boycotts against Western countries as well as the global effects of an EU energy import boycott on Russia, especially for the Asian continent. An innovative proposal to cut electricity prices is presented. It also explores the challenges to relations between the EU, China and Russia caused by the invasion, the effects of the unfolding refugee crisis (within a post-Brexit EU), military and humanitarian aid pledges to Ukraine, and the risks of reduced multilateralism within the world economy as a direct result of the war. The book also analyzes the risks and benefits of a potential enlargement of the EU to integrate Ukraine as a member state. The topics covered by the book are all set within a long-run view of diplomatic and economic relations between the West, Russia and Ukraine. The factors analyzed here provide a new, broader picture of the international effects of the conflict, as well as its potential implications for policy design as we enter a new global order marked by the Russo-Ukrainian war. The book will be of interest to researchers and policymakers working in International Economics, New Political Economy, European politics and integration, and macroeconomics more broadly. Paul J. J. Welfens is a long-time researcher of Russian economic development and European integration as well as an expert on EU-US and EU-China economic relations. He is President of the European Institute for International Economic Relations (EIIW) at the University of Wuppertal, where he also holds the Jean Monnet Chair in European Economic Integration and the Chair of Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. He is also a Non-Resident Senior Research Fellow at AICGS/Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC.
Sanctions are considered by many to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior. Most Russia-related sanctions have been in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to human rights abuses, election interference and cyberattacks, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to Syria, and use of a chemical weapon. The United States also employs sanctions to deter further objectionable activities. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia's international behavior and geostrategic intentions. Ukraine-related sanctions are mainly based on four executive orders (EOs) the President introduced in 2014. In addition, Congress passed and the President signed into law two acts establishing sanctions in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine: the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95) and the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA; P.L. 113-272). In 2017, Congress passed and the President signed into law the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). This legislation codifies Ukraine-related and cyberrelated EOs, strengthens existing Russia-related sanctions authorities, and identifies several new targets for sanctions. It also establishes congressional review of any action the President takes to ease or lift a variety of sanctions. Additional sanctions on Russia may be forthcoming. On August 6, 2018, the United States determined that in March 2018 the Russian government used a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom in contravention of international law. In response, the United States launched an initial round of sanctions on Russia, as required by the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act; P.L. 102-182, Title III). The law requires a second, more severe round of sanctions in the absence of Russia's reliable commitment to no longer use such weapons. The United States has imposed most Ukraine-related sanctions on Russia in coordination with the European Union (EU). Since 2017, the efforts of Congress and the Trump Administration to tighten U.S. sanctions on Russia have prompted some degree of concern in the EU about U.S. commitment to sanctions coordination and U.S.-EU cooperation on Russia and Ukraine more broadly. The EU, in addition, continues to consider its response to Russia's use of a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom. Debates about the effectiveness of U.S. and other sanctions on Russia continue in Congress, in the Administration, and among other stakeholders. Russia has not reversed its occupation and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea region, nor has it stopped fostering separatism in eastern Ukraine. With respect to other malign activities, the relationship between sanctions and Russian behavior is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, many observers argue that sanctions help to restrain Russia or that their imposition is an appropriate foreign policy response regardless of immediate effect. In the 115th Congress, several bills have been introduced to increase the use of sanctions in response to Russia's malign activities. The 116th Congress is likely to continue to debate the role of sanctions in U.S. foreign policy toward Russia.
What cannot be disputed is that economic sanctions are increasingly at the center of American foreign policy: to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, promote human rights, discourage aggression, protect the environment, and thwart drug trafficking.