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This cross-sectional sequential study investigated the link between vegetable diversity available (“production”) and dietary diversity of women (“consumption”) in three different districts of rural Tanzania. Furthermore, the relationship between the nutritional health status of participants and cropping and dietary diversity was analysed. The study was carried out during three different seasons within one year (2006/2007) in 18 villages of three districts in north-eastern and central Tanzania including 252 women. The survey included an individual interview on vegetable production, food consumption (i.a. 24h-recall, 7drecall on vegetables) and nutritional knowledge, and the measurement of body mass index (BMI), haemoglobin (Hb) for iron status and different parameters for vitamin A status. Besides studying single nutrients, food groups and health problems, also a more holistic view was taken on dietary diversity/food variety and dietary patterns and their relationships with nutritional status and vegetable production. Relationships were investigated both through bivariate correlations and multiple regression analysis; dietary diversity and food variety scores were calculated and dietary patterns were generated through principal component analysis (PCA) as well as cluster analysis. Regarding the link between production and consumption, there was a clear relationship between vegetable diversity produced and diversity consumed, while this was not so clear between production and consumption quantity, except for single seasons. Influencing factors on consumed vegetable quantity were suggested to be seasonality; the purchase of additional vegetables (especially exotic) next to home-grown ones; and knowledge, attitudes and preferences of women regarding vegetable consumption. When analysing food patterns, no direct association between diversity of vegetable cropping and vegetable consumption was established. Yet, for the study population in Tanzania it was found that food consumption was (still) influenced by local production and that, therefore, food consumption issues should always integrate existing food production and vice versa. The link established between food consumption and nutritional health data of the present study showed that the obesity epidemic is on the rise, even in rural, poor and underdeveloped regions of Tanzania. Furthermore, it was found that a high dietary diversity is not per se a guarantee for a healthy diet, yet, food types and food groups that contribute to a high diversity are decisive. A direct link between production and nutritional health could only partly be shown. Obviously, the focus on vegetable production seems to be not sufficient, but overall food production needs to be taken into account. Further recommendations for future research are, i.a., to investigate the influence of exotic vegetables and, generally, exotic foods in production and consumption on nutritional health; to enhance dietary diversity scores as a tool for assessing dietary diversity together with dietary quality; to eleborate dietary guidelines for Tanzania, preferably district- or area-wise; to investigate the nutrition transition in Tanzania especially in rural areas with a focus on the nutritional knowledge of people, their attitudes, preferences (e.g. taste) and behaviour
Introduction; Purpose and approach; Nutritional analysis; Consumers perspective; Production aspects; Seed sector; Collections of indigenous vegetable germplasm; Conclusion; Bibliography; Annex; List of tables.
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First Published in 2009. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
This book provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge of the potential and challenges associated with the multiple roles, use, management and livelihood contributions of indigenous vegetables in urban agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. There has been growing research and policy effort around urban agriculture in the region over the last two decades, but never has it been integrated with work on under-researched crops such as indigenous vegetables. These species have multiple advantages, including low input requirements, adaptability to African environments, high nutritional value and marked biodiversity, cultural and local food security significance. Yet they are overlooked in the modern world, where recent emphasis has been directed to growing a limited range of exotic crops, both for internal markets and for export to developed country markets. This book provides evidence that, in spite of this neglect, in many African cities indigenous vegetables are still widely used, cultivated and marketed. It goes on to consider their potential to contribute to income generation and poverty alleviation of the growing numbers of urban dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa, whilst promoting urban greening and sustainability. Based on critical analysis of the debates it presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the realities and future opportunities.
Currently 868 million people are undernourished and 195 million children under five years of age are stunted. At the same time, over 1 billion people are overweight and obese in both the developed and developing world. Diseases previously associated with affluence, such as cancer, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease, are on the rise. Food system-based approaches to addressing these problems that could enhance food availability and diet quality through local production and agricultural biodiversity often fall outside the traditional scope of nutrition, and have been under-researched. As a consequence, there remains insufficient evidence to support well-defined, scalable agricultural biodiversity interventions that can be linked to improvements in nutrition outcomes. Agricultural biodiversity is important for food and nutritional security, as a safeguard against hunger, a source of nutrients for improved dietary diversity and quality, and strengthening local food systems and environmental sustainability. This book explores the current state of knowledge on the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving diets, nutrition and food security. Using examples and case studies from around the globe, the book explores current strategies for improving nutrition and diets and identifies key research and implementation gaps that need to be addressed to successfully promote the better use of agricultural biodiversity for rural and urban populations and societies in transition.