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L'établissement du Réseau écologique paneuropéen représente un des objectifs majeurs de la Stratégie paneuropéenne de la diversité biologique et paysagère. La protection de zones transfrontalières dans le cadre d'un tel réseau écologique composé de groupes de zones protégées pourrait être une étape importante vers la protection du patrimoine naturel en Europe. La coopération transfrontalière offre la possibilité de créer des zones protégées plus vastes et d'harmoniser leur gestion, apportant ainsi une contribution très importante à la préservation de la biodiversité. Le présent rapport traite de la coopération transfrontalière dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale, y compris les pays en transition d'Europe orientale, dont la Russie, les pays Baltes, le Bélarus et l'Ukraine.
This report looks at ways in which tax incentives may help to promote conservation of biological and landscape diversity in Europe. It outlines how tax incentives relate to other conservation policy options (Part I) before describing existing measures in and beyond Europe that directly benefit landholders (Part II) or create an enabling climate for the conservation sector (Part III). Part IV provides some indicators for the design of tax measures. Part V sets out conclusions and provides draft elements for a future recommendation to Council of Europe Member States on the development of fiscal incentive policies to support measures for biodiversity protection.
La protection et la gestion appropriées des habitats naturels sont des impératifs pour la préservation de la diversité des espèces en Europe. Celles qui sont le plus menacées requièrent l'adoption des mesures complémentaires urgentes qui se présentent généralement sous la forme d'un "plan d'action", outil de conservation des espèces, grandement utilisé aux Etats-Unis et en Europe. Ce rapport en analyse l'emploi et les limites et propose quelques lignes directrices pour leur élaboration et leur mise en œuvre. La protection et la gestion appropriées des habitats naturels sont des impératifs pour la préservation de la diversité des espèces en Europe. Celles qui sont le plus menacées requièrent l'adoption des mesures complémentaires urgentes qui se présentent généralement sous la forme d'un "plan d'action", outil de conservation des espèces, grandement utilisé aux Etats-Unis et en Europe. Ce rapport en analyse l'emploi et les limites et propose quelques lignes directrices pour leur élaboration et leur mise en œuvre.
In the 17th century, Descartes put forth the metaphor of the machine to explain the functioning of living beings. In the 18th century, La Mettrie extended the metaphor to man. The clock was then used as the paradigm of the machine. In the 20th century, this metaphor still held but the clock was replaced by a computer. Nowadays, the organism is viewed as a robot obeying signals emanating from a computer program controlled by genetic information. This book shows that such a conception leads to contradictions not only in the theory of biology but also in its experimental research program, thereby impeding its development. The analysis of this problem is based on the most recent experimental data obtained in molecular biology as well as the history and philosophy of biology. It shows that the machine theory did not succeed in breaking with Aristotle's finalism. The book presents a new approach to biological systems based on cellular Darwinism. Genes are ruled by probabilistic mechanisms allowing cells to differentiate stochastically. Embryo development is not governed by a determinist genetic program but by natural selection occurring among cell populations inside the organism. This theory has considerable philosophical consequences. Man may be a machine but he is a random one.
This book explores how the mere designation of World Heritage sites can achieve UNESCO's goal of creating lasting worldwide peace. Drawing on ethnography, policy analysis, and a sophisticated fusion of anthropological theories, Di Giovine convincingly reveals the existence of a global heritage-scape and provides a detailed yet expansive look at the politics and processes, histories and structures, and the rituals and symbolisms of the interrelated phenomena of tourism, historic preservation, and UNESCO's World Heritage Convention.
Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.