Download Free Distribution Of Income And Income Tax Burden In Bulgaria Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Distribution Of Income And Income Tax Burden In Bulgaria and write the review.

February 1995 The empirical analysis of Bulgaria's income distribution and income tax burden indicates that the country has low income inequality although this is changing rapidly. The income tax is progressive and contributes significantly to reducing income inequality, and the urban sector pays proportionately more in taxes than the rural sector. Using the 1992 Bulgarian household budget survey, Bogetic and Hassan analyze the distribution of income and of the income tax burden by income and expenditure class and by rural-urban sector. They find: * Low income inequality (although that is changing rapidly). * A progressive income tax system. The poor (the lowest two-income decile) pay only 1.4 percent of their per capita income in income tax; the rich (the top decile) pay nearly 6 percent. In-kind income and expenditures are excluded from taxation. * The urban sector paying proportionately more in taxes than the rural sector. For example, urban households pay 5.3 percent of their per capita income in income tax, whereas the rural sector pays 2.4 percent. * Income tax contributes significantly to reducing income inequality at both the national and sectoral (rural-urban) level, as the poor pay a smaller share of taxes than their share of national income. These results hold whether income or expenditure is used as an indicator of economic well-being. Bogetic and Hassan caution that as in-kind income becomes monetized and the economy becomes more market-oriented, the system will become less progressive and urban-rural differences will diminish. They contend that the bias toward higher urban taxes is justified to some extent by the fact that urban households benefit more from government services than rural households do. This paper -- a product of the Country Operations Division, Europe and Central Asia, Country Department I -- is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the consequences of government public finance policies. This paper is a part of a volume under preparation, Financing Government in the Transition: Bulgaria, edited by Zeljko Bogetic and Arye Hillman. The preparation of the volume is supported by the Bank's Research Support Budget under dissemination grant Taxation and Revenue Adequacy in Transition: Observations and Implications from Bulgaria (RPO 679-60). Fareed Hassan may be contacted at [email protected].
The empirical analysis of Bulgaria's income distribution and income tax burden indicates that the country has low income inequality although this is changing rapidly. The income tax is progressive and contributes significantly to reducing income inequality, and the urban sector pays proportionately more in taxes than the rural sector.Using the 1992 Bulgarian household budget survey, Bogetic and Hassan analyze the distribution of income and of the income tax burden by income and expenditure class and by rural-urban sector. They find:deg; Low income inequality (although that is changing rapidly).deg; A progressive income tax system. The poor (the lowest two-income decile) pay only 1.4 percent of their per capita income in income tax; the rich (the top decile) pay nearly 6 percent. In-kind income and expenditures are excluded from taxation.deg; The urban sector paying proportionately more in taxes than the rural sector. For example, urban households pay 5.3 percent of their per capita income in income tax, whereas the rural sector pays 2.4 percent.deg; Income tax contributes significantly to reducing income inequality at both the national and sectoral (rural-urban) level, as the poor pay a smaller share of taxes than their share of national income.These results hold whether income or expenditure is used as an indicator of economic well-being.Bogetic and Hassan caution that as in-kind income becomes monetized and the economy becomes more market-oriented, the system will become less progressive and urban-rural differences will diminish.They contend that the bias toward higher urban taxes is justified to some extent by the fact that urban households benefit more from government services than rural households do.This paper - a product of the Country Operations Division, Europe and Central Asia, Country Department I - is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the consequences of government public finance policies. This paper is a part of a volume under preparation, Financing Government in the Transition: Bulgaria, edited by Zeljko Bogetic and Arye Hillman. The preparation of the volume is supported by the Bank's Research Support Budget under dissemination grant Taxation and Revenue Adequacy in Transition: Observations and Implications from Bulgaria (RPO 679-60). Fareed Hassan may be contacted at [email protected].
Absolute poverty has dropped markedly in Bulgaria but income inequality has increased substantially in the aftermath of the GFC. This increase is due to a rise in market income inequality that was compounded by a reduction in fiscal redistribution. The redistributive role of direct taxation has declined with the introduction of a flat tax and social spending is relatively low and decreasing (as a share of GDP), is concentrated on a few social risks, and experienced a decline in its redistributive efficiency. The COVID-19 crisis is likely to deepen income inequality, increasing the room for redistributive policies.
"Case Studies - actual profiles by businesses which have set up in, or done business with, Bulgaria, covering export, distributorships, joint ventures, and direct investment." "The book concludes with three valuable appendices. The first provides an in-depth coverage of the opportunities by sector in Bulgaria. The second covers grant aid available and the third includes a full bibliography and sources of further information." "Impressive in its scope, the book offers both a panorama and a minute cross-section of the issues, whether obstacle or opportunity, that every business must address. Written by highly qualified experts, yet in a style which is succinct, jargon-free and accessible to the non-expert, Doing Business in Bulgaria is an invaluable, all-round reference for any businessperson keen to maximise the potential of the emergent market."--BOOK JACKET.
This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. It covers personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits received by workers. Taxing Wages 2021 includes a special feature entitled: “Impact of COVID-19 on the Tax Wedge in OECD Countries”.
The World Bank has partnered with the Commitment to Equity Institute at Tulane University to implement their diagnostic tool—the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Assessment—designed to assess how taxation and public expenditures affect income inequality, poverty, and different economic groups. The approach relies on comprehensive fiscal incidence analysis, which measures the contribution of each individual intervention to poverty and inequality reduction as well as the combined impact of taxes and social spending. The CEQ Assessment provide an evidence base upon which alternative reform options can be analyzed. The use of a common methodology makes the results comparable across countries. This volume presents eight country studies that examine the distributional effects of individual programs and policy measures—and the net effect of each country’s mix of policies and programs. These case studies were produced in the context of Bank policy dialogue and have since been used to propose alternative reform options.
This paper discusses how the structure of the tax system affects its progressivity. It suggests a measure of progressive capacity of tax systems, based on the Kakwani index, but independent of pre-tax income distributions. Using this and other progressivity measures, the paper (i) documents a decline in progressivity over the last decades and (ii) examines the relationship between progressivity and economic growth. Regressions do not reveal a significant impact of progressivity on growth, suggesting that efficiency costs of progressivity may be small—at least for degrees of progressivity observed in the sample.
World Bank Technical Paper No. 394. Joint Forest Management (JFM) has emerged as an important intervention in the management of Indias forest resources. This report sets out an analytical method for examining the costs and benefits of JFM arrangements. Two pilot case studies in which the method was used demonstrate interesting outcomes regarding incentives for various groups to participate. The main objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of the incentives for communities to participate in JFM.