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This book explores the principles, design, and image processing of multi-primary displays, and introduces the reader to the intricacies of the typical imaging pathways which influence display design and the perception of color within a display system. Early chapters introduce the concepts behind human perception, color science, and lighting, which are necessary to fully understand multi-primary displays. The reader is also introduced to digital capture and transmission systems to better understand the ecosystem in which multi-primary displays exist. Subsequent chapters introduce the reader to current display technologies, including LCD, OLED, and inorganic LED displays. The working principles, performance, and upcoming advances are discussed for each of these technologies to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the tradeoffs which are necessary when considering multi-primary displays. This discussion is followed by an in-depth discussion of the image processing technology necessary to implement multi-primary displays. The book concludes with chapters that clearly discuss the advantages and limitations of multi-primary displays for direct view, virtual reality, and augmented reality displays. The book provides a broad viewpoint across the entire display ecosystem, explaining the interactions among system components to provide a rationale for the further development of multi-primary displays. Whether the reader is interested in broadening their understanding of display systems or the development of multi-primary displays, the text provides and understandable and practical summary of important display system concepts.
This book presents recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging and display frameworks, encompassing three categories of 3D imaging and display technologies. The first category is nonphotorealistic 3D approaches based on conventional optical cameras to implement 3D stereoscopic observation of a scene. In the context of nonphotorealistic 3D imaging and reconstruction systems, the authors introduce general principles and also demonstrate camera calibration for 3D imaging, smart cameras, and full-link imaging methods using the optical modulation transfer function to improve imaging quality in conventional cameras. The second category is based on light-ray light field technology to achieve photorealistic 3D imaging and displays. In the context of light-ray light field systems, two approaches capable of light-ray light field 3D imaging by utilizing a camera array or a lens array are demonstrated. Accordingly, light-ray light field display approaches comprising head-mounted displays and integral displays are also introduced. The third category is also photorealistic 3D imaging and display technology, which is based on holography (i.e., diffraction or wavefront light field). In the corresponding holographic displays, the authors introduce 3D holographic displays from three elements: algorithms, devices, and systems, involving fast hologram generation algorithms, wide-viewing-angle display systems, and metasurface holography, etc. Including an investigative roadmap for future progress in optical imaging and 3D display systems, this book is essential reading for scientists and engineers in academia and industry who are interested in next-generation imaging and display concepts for 3D visual sensing systems.
"Visual information display systems connected to computers are fast becoming commonplace. They are found now in stock brokers' offices and schools as well as in jetliner control panels. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its contractors have developed and operated display systems of this type that can span nearly the whole spectrum of applications. This survey of computer-related visual information display systems was undertaken for the NASA Office of Technology Utilization so that others may benefit from NASA's experience. The input-output capabilities of human beings, which determine the requirements for such systems, are likely to be much the same outside of the aerospace field as they are within it. This publication is intended especially for middle management personnel in areas in which the potential benefits from such modern technology have not yet been realized. The report describes hardware and software with wide applications and explains the large-scale checkout and control systems used at the John F. Kennedy Space Center, the Marshall Space Flight Center, and the Manned Spacecraft Center. It also reviews findings in the Ames Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and other government and private laboratories. The reader is introduced to interactive display systems, simulation displays, and image enhancement techniques. Most of the examples cited are from aerospace work, but they were chosen because of their potentially broad utility."--Foreword.
A study has been conducted to determine the effect of several variations of two types of visual display systems on subjective pilot evaluations and objective measures of performance in the landing approach. Two types of flight approaches were made with either a projector or quasicollimated monitor visual display: (I) the instrument approach, and (2) the visual approach without the normal cockpit instrumentation assistance. The variables examined were color; differences between displays due to quasicollimation of the monitor display; and reduced resolution as related to brightness, contrast, and sharpness. The use of color had two main effects on pilot performance in the landing approach. The touchdown distance and standard deviations increased more for the monitor displays, and the touchdown rates of descent were slightly lower. With quasicollimation, the standard deviations of touchdown distance increased, and the rate-of-descent standard deviations decreased in a direction more favorable with the actual flight data; an association between the standard deviations of rate of descent and touchdown distance suggests that a corresponding decrease in the deviation of rate of descent will be offset with an increase in the deviations of touchdown distance. The time outside the glide-slope error limits was less with the monitor display than with the projector display, and the lateral localizer error was smaller for the projector display because the pilots intercepted the runway center line at a greater distance from the threshold. With reduced resolution, there was a slight change in the touchdown distance and the standard deviation; for the flights made without color, the landings were predominantly to the right of the runway center line with twice the standard deviation. The pilots were more critical of the black and white variation for either display, and favored more use of a color system. Advantages cited for a color system included greater pilot relaxation, decreased fatigue, better picture quality, and more realistic depth perception, particularly with the monitor display. With regard to the reduced-resolution monitor display, the pilots also noted a loss in depth perception and height references, increased visual fatigue, and increased efforts for a reasonable approach in comparison with the projector display. The objective performance measures of the study were reasonably consistent with the pilots' subjective evaluations and comments.
Display system effectiveness for manual guidance of large launch vehicles using X-15 and flight simulators.