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In-cylinder process of a direct injection (DI) compression ignition (CI) engine was studied by using the Rutgers high-speed spectral infrared (IR) imaging system and the KIVA-II computer code. Comparison of the engine measurements with the computational prediction was attempted. In order to perform the instantaneous IR imaging, a Cummins 903 engine cylinder head was modified by installing an optical access in place of one of the intake valves, which required designing a new rocker-arm mechanism. The measurements obtained using the high-speed dual spectra IR imaging system were processed by the conventional two-color method which employed soot as the radiating target. The KIVA-II program was coded in order to match engine and operation conditions to those employed in the present measurements for achieving mutual consistency of the analysis. (MM).
Instantaneous successive spectral infrared (IR) images were obtained from a spray plume in a direct injection (DI) type compression-ignition (Cl) engine during the compression and combustion periods. The engine eqwpped with a high pressure electronic-controlled fuel injector system was operated by using D-2 Diesel fuel. In the new imaging system used for the present study, four high-speed IR cameras (with respective band filters in front) were lined up to a single optical arrangement containing three spectral beam splitters to obtain four spectral images at once. Two band filters were used for imaging the water vapor distribution and another two band filters were placed for capturing images of combustion chamber wall or soot formation. The simultaneous imaging was successively triggered by signals from an encoder connected to the engine. The fuel injection parameters were precisely controlled and the pressure-time (p-t) history was obtained for individual sets of images. The start of fuel injection was varied through four different crank angle positions. Mentioning some results from the study, the spectral IR images had no resemblance with the ones obtained using a visible-range camera from a comparable engine system as reported by others. In general, the present spectral images taken at the same crank angle were not mutually comparable.
Combustion processes in a spark-ignition engine were studied by using a high speed multi-spectral infrared camera system and a new robust statistical analysis method. Among the variables in the experiment are fuel and fuel additives. The images were obtained using Rutgers Super Imaging System, which consists of four spatial infrared cameras. The cameras are designed to be spatially aligned and their wavelengths are 3.8 mu m, 2.09 mu m, 3.48 mu m, 2.47 mu m. Each camera consists of a Pt-Si charge-coupled device with a pixel array of 64 x 64 and a depth of 12 bits. The engine used is a 1999 Ford Mustang 4.6L engine. This engine was modified to allow optical access by means of a bowditch method. The piston was redesigned for this study. Instead of graphite rings, metallic rings and oil lubricant were used to seal the combustion chamber. A statistical analysis tool (CASAT) was developed to analyze infrared images. This tool included multiple methods for statistically analyzing the fuels, most notably the novel method time derivative spatial averaging (TDSA). The ultimate goal of the research was to verify the capabilities of the TDSA method. This was achieved via a blind study, consisting of 10 unknown fuels; 2 base fuels and 8 fuels with additives. The results of the TDSA method predicted four fuels had various amounts of an octane improver, and the other four had a cetane improver. The actual results were octane improver and combustion enhancer. The effects of a cetane improver of gasoline and the effects of a combustion enhancer of gasoline are very similar.
Direct-injection (DI) Diesel or compression-ignition (CI) engine combustion process is investigated when new design and operational strategies are employed in order to achieve a high power-density (HPD) engine. This goal is being achieved by developing quantitative imaging and speciation methods of in-cylinder reaction processes. Main achievements made during the course of the present study included: Construction/development and implementation of (1) a digital imaging system consisting of five (5) units of high-speed cryogenically cooled infrared focal plane arrays operated by a single electronic-control-package, (2) a four-color-artificial intelligence method (FCAIM); (3) an optical DI-CI engine, (4) Rutgers Animation Program (RAP); (5) new electronic packages for imaging system; (6) vector weighted flame analysis for evaluating stability of in-cylinder reactions; (7) a new spectrometer and (8) a new HITRAN data base gas radiation model replacing our earlier model based on NASA IR handbook. A typical set of final results in the study is quantitative images (distributions of water vapor, soot, gas temperature and cylinder wall temperature at successive instants of time during the reaction period, which are obtained from the consecutive cycles. They are also further analyzed stability of flame propagations (e.g., repeatability) by using the vector weighted (special- and intensity-weighted analysis) to access the high-power density engine operations.