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This report presents a cost analysis of Diphenyl Carbonate (DPC) production from ethylene oxide and phenol. The process examined is similar to Asahi Kasei process. In this process, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) intermediate is initially produced from ethylene oxide and methanol. Then, DMC and phenol react to produce DPC. Ethylene glycol is generated as by-product in the process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): US Patent 20090163734, issued to Asahi Kasei in 2009 Keywords: Phenyl Carbonate, EO, Carbonation, Transesterification, Reactive Distillation
The reconciliation of economic development, social justice and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is one of the biggest political challenges of the moment. Strategies for mitigating CO2 emissions on a large scale using sequestration, storage and carbon technologies are priorities on the agendas of research centres and governments. Research on carbon sequestration is the path to solving major sustainability problems of this century a complex issue that requires a scientific approach and multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary technology, plus a collaborative policy among nations. Thus, this challenge makes this book an important source of information for researchers, policymakers and anyone with an inquiring mind on this subject.
A best-selling mechanistic organic chemistry text in Germany, this text's translation into English fills a long-existing need for a modern, thorough and accessible treatment of reaction mechanisms for students of organic chemistry at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. Knowledge of reaction mechanisms is essential to all applied areas of organic chemistry; this text fulfills that need by presenting the right material at the right level.
This book covers both basic scientific and clinically relevant aspects of dental composite materials with a view to meeting the needs of researchers and practitioners. Following an introduction on their development, the composition of contemporary composites is analyzed. A chapter on polymerization explains the setting reactions and light sources available for light-cured composites. The quality of monomer-to-polymer conversion is a key factor for material properties. Polymerization shrinkage along with the associated stress remains among the most challenging issues regarding composite restorations. A new classification of dental composites is proposed to offer more clinically relevant ways of differentiating between commercially available materials. A review of specific types of composites provides an insight into their key issues. The potential biological issues of dental composites are reviewed in chapters on elution of leachable substances and cariogenicity of resin monomers. Clinical sections focus on material placement, finishing procedures, and the esthetics and clinical longevity of composite restorations. Bonding to tooth tissues is addressed in a separate chapter, as is the efficiency of various composite repair methods. The final chapter discusses future perspectives on dental composite materials.
Best-selling introductory chemical engineering book - now updated with far more coverage of biotech, nanotech, and green engineering Thoroughly covers material balances, gases, liquids, and energy balances. Contains new biotech and bioengineering problems throughout.
This handbook is an in-depth guide to the practical aspects of materials and corrosion engineering in the energy and chemical industries. The book covers materials, corrosion, welding, heat treatment, coating, test and inspection, and mechanical design and integrity. A central focus is placed on industrial requirements, including codes, standards, regulations, and specifications that practicing material and corrosion engineers and technicians face in all roles and in all areas of responsibility. The comprehensive resource provides expert guidance on general corrosion mechanisms and recommends materials for the control and prevention of corrosion damage, and offers readers industry-tested best practices, rationales, and case studies.
This English edition of a best-selling and award-winning German textbook Reaction Mechanisms: Organic Reactions · Stereochemistry · Modern Synthetic Methods is aimed at those who desire to learn organic chemistry through an approach that is facile to understand and easily committed to memory. Michael Harmata, Norman Rabjohn Distinguished Professor of Organic Chemistry (University of Missouri) surveyed the accuracy of the translation, made certain contributions, and above all adapted its rationalizations to those prevalent in the organic chemistry community in the English-speaking world. Throughout the book fundamental and advanced reaction mechanisms are presented with meticulous precision. The systematic use of red "electron-pushing arrows" allows students to follow each transformation elementary step by elementary step. Mechanisms are not only presented in the traditional contexts of rate laws and substituent effects but, whenever possible, are illustrated using practical, useful and state-of-the-art reactions. The abundance of stereoselective reactions included in the treatise makes the reader familiar with key concepts of stereochemistry. The fundamental topics of the book address the needs of upper-level undergraduate students, while its advanced sections are intended for graduate-level audiences. Accordingly, this book is an essential learning tool for students and a unique addition to the reference desk of practicing organic chemists, who as life-long learners desire to keep abreast of both fundamental and applied aspects of our science. In addition, it will well serve ambitious students in chemistry-related fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry. From the reviews: "Professor Bruckner has further refined his already masterful synthetic organic chemistry classic; the additions are seamless and the text retains the magnificent clarity, rigour and precision which were the hallmark of previous editions. The strength of the book stems from Professor Bruckner’s ability to provide lucid explanations based on a deep understanding of physical organic chemistry and to limit discussion to very carefully selected reaction classes illuminated by exquisitely pertinent examples, often from the recent literature. The panoply of organic synthesis is analysed and dissected according to fundamental structural, orbital, kinetic and thermodynamic principles with an effortless coherence that yields great insight and never over-simplifies. The perfect source text for advanced Undergraduate and Masters/PhD students who want to understand, in depth, the art of synthesis ." Alan C. Spivey, Imperial College London "Bruckner’s ‘Organic Mechanisms’ accurately reflects the way practicing organic chemists think and speak about organic reactions. The figures are beautifully drawn and show the way organic chemists graphically depict reactions. It uses a combination of basic valence bond pictures with more sophisticated molecular orbital treatments. It handles mechanisms both from the "electron pushing perspective" and from a kinetic and energetic view. The book will be very useful to new US graduate students and will help bring them to the level of sophistication needed to be serious researchers in organic chemistry." Charles P. Casey, University of Wisconsin-Madison "This is an excellent advanced organic chemistry textbook that provides a key resource for students and teachers alike." Mark Rizzacasa, University of Melbourne, Australia.
After an overview of the fundamentals, limitations, and scope of reactive distillation, this book uses rigorous models for steady-state design and dynamic analysis of different types of reactive distillation columns and quantitatively compares the economics of reactive distillation columns with conventional multi-unit processes. It goes beyond traditional steady-state design that primarily considers the capital investment and energy costs when analyzing the control structure and the dynamic robustness of disturbances, and discusses how to maximize the economic and environmental benefits of reactive distillation technology.
This new book updates the exceptionally popular Numerical Analysis of Ordinary Differential Equations. "This book is...an indispensible reference for any researcher."-American Mathematical Society on the First Edition. Features: * New exercises included in each chapter. * Author is widely regarded as the world expert on Runge-Kutta methods * Didactic aspects of the book have been enhanced by interspersing the text with exercises. * Updated Bibliography.