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DIGEST is the Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard for interoperability and compatibility among national and multinational systems and users. It is a standard based on the Vector Product Format (VPF), used by NATO and the United States Defense Mapping Agency for capturing geographical data. Finally, there is an aid available to users of Geographical Information System (GIS) and developers of GIS technology working with DIGEST. This book was developed from a series of lectures given by Dr. Kelly Chan, recognized as a leading authority on the standard. It is specifically designed to allow the user to finally make practical use of this difficult material. Dr. Chan's work allows the user to write specific programs tailored to particular needs.
This book is a collection of papers presented at the 9th International Conference of Military Geoscience that was held in 2011. The conference included discussion on a diverse range of geosciences, including military history, military geology, teaching geology from a military prospective, geological influence on the battlefield, and environmental and cultural issues related to management of military lands. Geology and geography have played a significant role in military history, from providing the stone for primitive tools and weapons, to the utilization of terrain in offensive and defensive strategies. Specific to this volume, deserts comprise nearly a third of the Earth’s surface and have been the site of numerous battles where the dust, heat, and a lack of food and water have provided challenges to military leaders and warriors. This book examines the role of deserts in past and modern warfare, the problems and challenges in managing military lands in desert regions, and how desert environmental conditions can impact military equipment and personnel. This proceedings volume should be of interest to scholars, professionals, and those interested in military history, warfare, geology, geography, cultural resources, general science, and military operations.
This new book presents powerful techniques that can be used to address issues and problems related to wetlands and surface waters. It is the first book of its kind to address inventory and management of wetlands and water quality problems using GIS and remote sensing technologies. Wetland and Environmental Applications of GIS describes a variety of techniques, applications, and case studies for evaluating wetland and surface water characteristics at the landscape scale. The book details wetland and environmentally-oriented surface water resource studies using spatial and spectral based technologies such as GIS, remote sensing, computer modeling, and image display. Introductory material is included in the first section to provide a common background and to refresh or introduce concepts to the professional. The second section details applications of these technologies in studies of wetlands, including the use of GIS and archival satellite data in evaluating and measuring sediment types, water depth, and environmental change in the coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. The third section addresses various environmental applications of GIS, such as locating non-point pollution sources and managing oil spills. The final section supplies additional information and applications, with particular emphasis on potential contributions of remote sensing.
Because the accuracy of remotely sensed data is critical to any successful mapping project, accuracy assessment is an important tool for anyone who uses remote sensing. This is a complete guide to assessing the accuracy of maps generated from remotely sensed data, and the only book available that is devoted solely to this complex topic.
The image to the right shows a volcanic landscape in central Africa, including parts of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). This image was obtained from the SIR-C multi-wavelength radar remote sensing system, operated on the space shuttle Endeavor in 1994. SIR-C monitors the earth's surface using wave-lengths of energy that are much longer than the visible light seen by the human eye; thus, the hues in this "false color" radar image have little to no relationship to what would be seen in ordinary visible light. The volcano at top center of the image is Karisimba, 4500 m high. The green patch on the lower slopes of Karisimba volcano, to the right of its peak, is an area of bamboo forest-one of the world's few remaining habitats for mountain gorillas. Only some 600-700 mountain gorillas still remain on earth. Because the SIR-C radar is virtually unaffected by weather conditions, it is an ideal tool for capturing images over the cloudy and misty volcanic areas where mountain gorillas live. Nyiragongo volcano (3465 m elevation) dominates the lower portion of the image some of the lava flows that surround it have a distinctive purple appearance in this image. As shown here, remote sensing in wavelengths of energy outside the range of visible light can often reveal aspects of our environment that complement what can be detected by the unaided eye. (This image covers a 24 km by 60 km area.) The global image (inset, below) is a composite view of vegetation cover on land and chlorophyll concentration in the oceans. This image was derived from data collected by the SeaWiFS global ocean color monitoring mission. Wide field-of-view sensors such as SeaWiFS permit continuous, long-term monitoring of the environment on a global scale, providing an important contribution to our understanding of the earth system as a single, integrated whole.
Vols. 8-10 of the 1965-1984 master cumulation constitute a title index.