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Over a 3-year period (1994-96), suspended seston and phosphorus (P) dynamics were examined in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and naturally impounded Lake Pepin, with special attention to external and internal P loading processes that may be contributing to deteriorating water quality conditions. The Minnesota River accounted for most of the annual and summer suspended seston (81 %) and total phosphorus (44 %) load, while the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Metro Plant) accounted for 18 % of annual soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loading to the UMR. External loading during the summer of suspended seston, total P, and SRP to Lake Pepin averaged 30,000/m2/day, and 60 mg/m2/day, respectively. The lake retained a substantial portion of the summer suspended seston load and was also a sink for total P. While total P concentrations generally declined in Lake Pepin from headwaters to outflow, SRP exhibited a trend of increasing concentration from headwaters to outflow with net SRP export during the summer. These contrasting patterns in total P and SRP indicated the occurrence of internal P loading and/or transformations in the water column of P from particulate to soluble phases. Internal diffusive P flux from profundal sediments, estimated from laboratory incubation systems under different temperature and redox conditions, averaged 7.5 mg/m2/day during the summer under predominately oxic conditions over all years. Although this oxic rate was high relative to other eutrophic lakes, it accounted for
Over a 3-year period (1994-96), suspended seston and phosphorus (P) dynamics were examined in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and naturally impounded Lake Pepin, with special attention to external and internal P loading processes that may be contributing to deteriorating water quality conditions. The Minnesota River accounted for most of the annual and summer suspended seston (^81 %) and total phosphorus (^44 %) load, while the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Metro Plant) accounted for ^18 % of annual soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loading to the UMR. External loading during the summer of suspended seston, total P, and SRP to Lake Pepin averaged ^30,000/m2/day, and ^60 mg/m2/day, respectively. The lake retained a substantial portion of the summer suspended seston load and was also a sink for total P. While total P concentrations generally declined in Lake Pepin from headwaters to outflow, SRP exhibited a trend of increasing concentration from headwaters to outflow with net SRP export during the summer. These contrasting patterns in total P and SRP indicated the occurrence of internal P loading and/or transformations in the water column of P from particulate to soluble phases. Internal diffusive P flux from profundal sediments, estimated from laboratory incubation systems under different temperature and redox conditions, averaged ^7.5 mg/m2/day during the summer under predominately oxic conditions over all years. Although this oxic rate was high relative to other eutrophic lakes, it accounted for
A thorough analysis of public policy and the Clean Water Act'seffect on water quality in the U.S. Using water quality data and historical records from the past 60years, this book presents the measured impact of the 1972 CleanWater Act on domestic waterways-ecologically, politically, andeconomically. Municipal Wastewater Treatment supports thehypothesis that the Act's regulation of wastewater treatmentprocesses at publicly owned treatment works (POTW) and industrialfacilities has achieved significant success. The authors' case ispresented in: * Background information on the history of water pollution controland water quality management * Chapters addressing long-term trends in biochemical oxygen demandloadings from municipal wastewater plants and the "worst-case"dissolved oxygen levels in waterways downstream of point sourcesbefore and after the Clean Water Act * Nine case study assessments of long-term trends of pollutantloading water quality and environmental resources associated withPOTW discharges Using long-term trends in dissolved oxygen as the key indicator ofwater quality improvements, this book provides a detailedretrospective analysis of the effectiveness of the water pollutioncontrol policies and regulations of the 1972 Clean Water Act. Thesuccesses of the Act that have been achieved over the past 30 yearsare placed in the historical context of the "Great SanitaryAwakening" of the 19th century and changes in public policies forwater supply and water pollution control that have evolved duringthe 20th century to protect public health and the intrinsic valueof aquatic resources. Case study sites include the ConnecticutRiver, Hudson-Raritan Estuary, Delaware Estuary, Potomac Estuary,Upper Chattahoochee River, Ohio River, Upper Mississippi River, andWillamette River. Complete with end-of-chapter summaries and conclusions, MunicipalWastewater Treatment: Evaluating Improvements in National WaterQuality is an essential book for engineers, scientists, regulators,and consultants involved in water quality management and wastewatertreatment, as well as students of environmental engineering,environmental science, and public policy.