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The rapidly growing field of immunopsychiatry combines expertise and insights from immunology, psychiatry and neuroscience to understand the role of inflammation and other immune processes in causing and treating mental illness. This represents a major shift in mental health science, traditionally focused on psychological and neuronal mechanisms of depression, psychosis and dementia. This book provides the first comprehensive overview of recent, inter-disciplinary research linking disordered function of the immune system to the brain and mental illness. It offers a broad and deep perspective on the implications of immune system involvement in psychiatric disorders, including a balanced focus on basic science and clinical applications. Chapters cover the scientific evidence linking immune processes to major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and dementia. An invaluable guide for graduate students, doctors in training, scientific researchers and others interested in the link between the immune system and mental health.
It is a great privilege to introduce this book devoted to the current and future roles in research and clinical practice of another exciting new development in MRI: Diffusi- weighted MR imaging. This new, quick and non-invasive technique, which requires no contrast media or i- izing radiation, offers great potential for the detection and characterization of disease in the body as well as for the assessment of tumour response to therapy. Indeed, whereas DW-MRI is already ? rmly established for the study of the brain, progress in MR techn- ogy has only recently enabled its successful application in the body. Although the main focus of this book is on the role of DW-MRI in patients with malignant tumours, n- oncological emerging applications in other conditions are also discussed. The editors of this volume, Dr. D. M. Koh and Prof. H. Thoeny, are internationally well known for their pioneering work in the ? eld and their original contributions to the l- erature on DW-MRI of the body. I am very much indebted to them for the enthusiasm and engagement with which they prepared and edited this splendid volume in a record short time for our series Medical Radiology – Diagnostic section.
Written by world-renowned scientists, the volume provides a state-of-the-art on the most recent MRI techniques related to MS, and it is an indispensable tool for all those working in this field. The context in which this book exists is that there is an increasing perception that modern MR methodologies should be more extensively employed in clinical trials to derive innovative information.
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a 'go-to' reference for methods and applications of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, with specific sections on Relaxometry, Perfusion, and Diffusion. Each section will start with an explanation of the basic techniques for mapping the tissue property in question, including a description of the challenges that arise when using these basic approaches. For properties which can be measured in multiple ways, each of these basic methods will be described in separate chapters. Following the basics, a chapter in each section presents more advanced and recently proposed techniques for quantitative tissue property mapping, with a concluding chapter on clinical applications. The reader will learn: - The basic physics behind tissue property mapping - How to implement basic pulse sequences for the quantitative measurement of tissue properties - The strengths and limitations to the basic and more rapid methods for mapping the magnetic relaxation properties T1, T2, and T2* - The pros and cons for different approaches to mapping perfusion - The methods of Diffusion-weighted imaging and how this approach can be used to generate diffusion tensor - maps and more complex representations of diffusion - How flow, magneto-electric tissue property, fat fraction, exchange, elastography, and temperature mapping are performed - How fast imaging approaches including parallel imaging, compressed sensing, and Magnetic Resonance - Fingerprinting can be used to accelerate or improve tissue property mapping schemes - How tissue property mapping is used clinically in different organs - Structured to cater for MRI researchers and graduate students with a wide variety of backgrounds - Explains basic methods for quantitatively measuring tissue properties with MRI - including T1, T2, perfusion, diffusion, fat and iron fraction, elastography, flow, susceptibility - enabling the implementation of pulse sequences to perform measurements - Shows the limitations of the techniques and explains the challenges to the clinical adoption of these traditional methods, presenting the latest research in rapid quantitative imaging which has the possibility to tackle these challenges - Each section contains a chapter explaining the basics of novel ideas for quantitative mapping, such as compressed sensing and Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting-based approaches
This richly illustrated book, now in an updated and extended third edition, systematically covers the use of diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging in all major areas of neuroradiology, including imaging of the head and neck and the spine as well as the brain. The authors guide the reader from the basic principles of DW imaging through to the use of cutting-edge diffusion sequences such as diffusion tensor (DTI) and kurtosis (DKI), fiber tractography, high b value, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE). Pathology, pathophysiology, and patient management and treatment are all thoroughly discussed. Since the early descriptions by LeBihan and colleagues of the ability to image and measure the micromovement of water molecules in the brain, diffusion imaging and its derivatives have contributed ever more significantly to the evaluation of multiple disease processes. In comprehensively describing the state of the art in the field, this book will be of high value not only for those who deal routinely with neuro-MR imaging but also for readers who wish to establish a sound basis for understanding diffusion images in the hope of extending these principles into more exotic areas of neuroimaging.
This pertinently illustrated and well referenced text serves as an up-to-date, attractive book of oncologic imaging for radiologists, oncologists, radiation therapists and others involved in oncologic care. This volume, with chapter contributions from world-renowned experts, provides clinical and research information that underpins accurate interpretation and sensible use of cancer imaging. The book also highlights new developments and advances in oncologic imaging.
Covers each physiological MR methodology and their applications to all major neurological diseases.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has become a standard tool for mapping the working brain's activation patterns, both in health and in disease. It is an interdisciplinary field and crosses the borders of neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, radiology, mathematics, physics and engineering. Developments in techniques, procedures and our understanding of this field are expanding rapidly. In this second edition of Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Richard Buxton – a leading authority on fMRI – provides an invaluable guide to how fMRI works, from introducing the basic ideas and principles to the underlying physics and physiology. He covers the relationship between fMRI and other imaging techniques and includes a guide to the statistical analysis of fMRI data. This book will be useful both to the experienced radiographer, and the clinician or researcher with no previous knowledge of the technology.
Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) refers to translational movements which within a given voxel and during the measurement time present a distribution of speeds in orientation and/or amplitude. The concept was introduced in 1986 together with the foundation of diffusion MRI because it had been realized that flow of blood in capillaries (perfusion) would mimic a diffusion process and impact diffusion MRI measurements. IVIM-based perfusion MRI, which does not require injection of any tracer or contrast agent, has been first investigated in the brain, but is now experiencing a remarkable revival for applications throughout the body, especially for oncologic applications, from diagnosis to treatment monitoring. This book addresses a number of highly topical aspects of the field from leading authorities, introducing the concepts behind IVIM MRI, outlining related methodological issues, and summarizing its current usage and potential for clinical applications. It also presents future research directions, both in terms of methodological development and clinical application fields, extending to new, non-perfusion applications of IVIM MRI, such as virtual MR elastography.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a unique technique that provides tissue-specific contrast non-invasively. However, even at ultra-high field, resolution remains on the millimeter scale, far above cellular microstructure. Taking the fact that diffusion of nuclear spins in magnetic field gradients results in a characteristic signal loss, MRI can be sensitized to water-diffusion (DW-MRI) to recover microstructural information indirectly. Diffusion-Weighted MR Spectroscopy (DW-MRS) goes one step further by not measuring the diffusion of tissue water but of cell-type specific metabolites. Given that, both techniques can provide complementary information: DW-MRI on water diffusion with high spatial resolution but without cellular specificity, and DW-MRS on cell-type specific metabolite diffusion but with a limited spatial resolution (single-volume) and at a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To meet the needs of sophisticated tissue and cell modeling strategies to derive quantitative microstructural measures both techniques have to be sensitized to specific length scales and structural features. This can only be achieved by constant development in sequence design, diffusion-encoding, tissue modeling, data processing, and technical equipment. This research topic aims to attract contributions from all these fields targeting DW-MRI and DW-MRS improvement to accomplish two fundamental goals: (1) providing unique intra-voxel distributions of a set of diffusion parameters instead of an averaged value; allowing the identification of multiple compartments and tissue microstructure, (2) enabling higher accuracy and precision in derived quantitative values. Acquisitional, computational, and pulse design technological breakthroughs have positioned DW-MRI and DW-MRS as powerful emerging modalities for studying biological media, from muscle to the central nervous system, exhibiting extraordinary sensitivity and specificity in differentiating normal from pathologic cell-level processes and microstructural alterations. We welcome studies and manuscripts covering all aspects of DW-MRI, DW-MRS, tissue/cell modeling, study protocol design, or technical innovation: from theoretical studies focusing on the mathematical and physiological background of tissue microstructural modeling, to technical developments, to phantom studies, to novel acquisition and sampling strategies, to improved diffusion encoding techniques, to clinical studies. We are encouraging the submission of the following types of manuscripts: original research and brief research reports, methods, protocols and study protocols, review and mini review, perspective, hypothesis and theory, technology and code, clinical trial, case report, classification, and data report. Topics for submitted papers can be in one of the following general categories: - Development of processing methods, instrumentation, or experimental design of DW-MRI and DW-MRS. - Introduction of new theoretical or simulation models to DW-MRI or DW-MRS. - In vivo (human and animal), in vitro, in silico, phantom, and ex vivo studies are welcome.