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The theory of Gröbner bases is a main tool for dealing with rings of differential operators. This book reexamines the concept of Gröbner bases from the point of view of geometric deformations. The algorithmic methods introduced in this book are particularly useful for studying the systems of multidimensional hypergeometric PDE's introduced by Gelfand, Kapranov, and Zelevinsky. A number of original research results are contained in the book, and many open problems are raised for future research in this rapidly growing area of computational mathematics.
Comprehensive account of theory and applications of Gröbner bases, co-edited by the subject's inventor.
Grobner-Basen werden von Mathematikern und Informatikern zunehmend fur eine breite Palette von Anwendungen genutzt, in denen die algorithmische algebraische Geometrie eine Rolle spielt. Hier werden Grobner-Basen von einem konstruktiven, wenig abstrakten Standpunkt aus behandelt, wobei nur geringe Vorkenntnisse in linearer Algebra und komplexen Zahlen vorausgesetzt werden; zahlreiche Beispiele helfen bei der Durchdringung des Stoffes. Mit einer Ubersicht uber aktuell erhaltliche relevante Softwarepakete.
This volume contains survey articles and original research papers, presenting the state of the art on applying the symbolic approach of Gröbner bases and related methods to differential and difference equations. The contributions are based on talks delivered at the Special Semester on Gröbner Bases and Related Methods hosted by the Johann Radon Institute of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Linz, Austria, in May 2006.
This edited volume presents a fascinating collection of lecture notes focusing on differential equations from two viewpoints: formal calculus (through the theory of Gröbner bases) and geometry (via quiver theory). Gröbner bases serve as effective models for computation in algebras of various types. Although the theory of Gröbner bases was developed in the second half of the 20th century, many works on computational methods in algebra were published well before the introduction of the modern algebraic language. Since then, new algorithms have been developed and the theory itself has greatly expanded. In comparison, diagrammatic methods in representation theory are relatively new, with the quiver varieties only being introduced – with big impact – in the 1990s. Divided into two parts, the book first discusses the theory of Gröbner bases in their commutative and noncommutative contexts, with a focus on algorithmic aspects and applications of Gröbner bases to analysis on systems of partial differential equations, effective analysis on rings of differential operators, and homological algebra. It then introduces representations of quivers, quiver varieties and their applications to the moduli spaces of meromorphic connections on the complex projective line. While no particular reader background is assumed, the book is intended for graduate students in mathematics, engineering and related fields, as well as researchers and scholars.
This volume consists of research papers and expository survey articles presented by the invited speakers of the conference on OC Harmony of GrAbner Bases and the Modern Industrial SocietyOCO. Topics include computational commutative algebra, algebraic statistics, algorithms of D-modules and combinatorics. This volume also provides current trends on GrAbner bases and will stimulate further development of many research areas surrounding GrAbner bases."
1. Preliminaries. 1.1. Presenting algebras by relations. 1.2. S-graded algebras and modules. 1.3. [symbol]-filtered algebras and modules -- 2. The [symbol]-leading homogeneous algebra A[symbol]. 2.1. Recognizing A via G[symbol](A): part 1. 2.2. Recognizing A via G[symbol](A): part 2. 2.3. The [symbol-graded isomorphism A[symbol](A). 2.4. Recognizing A via A[symbol] -- 3. Grobner bases: conception and construction. 3.1. Monomial ordering and admissible system. 3.2. Division algorithm and Grobner basis. 3.3. Grobner bases and normal elements. 3.4. Grobner bases w.r.t. skew multiplicative K-bases. 3.5. Grobner bases in K[symbol] and KQ. 3.6. (De)homogenized Grobner bases. 3.7. dh-closed homogeneous Grobner bases -- 4. Grobner basis theory meets PBW theory. 4.1. [symbol]-standard basis [symbol]-PBW isomorphism. 4.2. Realizing [symbol]-PBW isomorphism by Grobner basis. 4.3. Classical PBW K-bases vs Grobner bases. 4.4. Solvable polynomial algebras revisited -- 5. Using A[symbol] in terms of Grobner bases. 5.1. The working strategy. 5.2. Ufnarovski graph. 5.3. Determination of Gelfand-Kirillov Dimension. 5.4. Recognizing Noetherianity. 5.5. Recognizing (semi- )primeness and PI-property. 5.6. Anick's resolution over monomial algebras. 5.7. Recognizing finiteness of global dimension. 5.8. Determination of Hilbert series -- 6. Recognizing (non- )homogeneous p-Koszulity via A[symbol]. 6.1. (Non- )homogeneous p-Koszul algebras. 6.2. Anick's resolution and homogeneous p-Koszulity. 6.3. Working in terms of Grobner bases -- 7. A study of Rees algebra by Grobner bases. 7.1. Defining [symbol] by [symbol]. 7.2. Defining [symbol] by [symbol]. 7.3. Recognizing structural properties of [symbol] via [symbol]. 7.4. An application to regular central extensions. 7.5. Algebras defined by dh-closed homogeneous Grobner bases -- 8. Looking for more Grobner bases. 8.1. Lifting (finite) Grobner bases from O[symbol]. 8.2. Lifting (finite) Grobner bases from a class of algebras. 8.3. New examples of Grobner basis theory. 8.4. Skew 2-nomial algebras. 8.5. Almost skew 2-nomial algebras
The origins of the mathematics in this book date back more than two thou sand years, as can be seen from the fact that one of the most important algorithms presented here bears the name of the Greek mathematician Eu clid. The word "algorithm" as well as the key word "algebra" in the title of this book come from the name and the work of the ninth-century scientist Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khowarizmi, who was born in what is now Uzbek istan and worked in Baghdad at the court of Harun al-Rashid's son. The word "algorithm" is actually a westernization of al-Khowarizmi's name, while "algebra" derives from "al-jabr," a term that appears in the title of his book Kitab al-jabr wa'l muqabala, where he discusses symbolic methods for the solution of equations. This close connection between algebra and al gorithms lasted roughly up to the beginning of this century; until then, the primary goal of algebra was the design of constructive methods for solving equations by means of symbolic transformations. During the second half of the nineteenth century, a new line of thought began to enter algebra from the realm of geometry, where it had been successful since Euclid's time, namely, the axiomatic method.
The role of Hilbert polynomials in commutative and homological algebra as well as in algebraic geometry and combinatorics is well known. A similar role in differential algebra is played by the differential dimension polynomials. The notion of differential dimension polynomial was introduced by E. Kolchin in 1964 [KoI64]' but the problems and ideas that had led to this notion (and that are reflected in this book) have essentially more long history. Actually, one can say that the differential dimension polynomial describes in exact terms the freedom degree of a dynamic system as well as the number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a system of algebraic differential equations. The first attempts of such description were made at the end of 19th century by Jacobi [Ja890] who estimated the number of algebraically independent constants in the general solution of a system of linear ordinary differential equations. Later on, Jacobi's results were extended to some cases of nonlinear systems, but in general case the problem of such estimation (that is known as the problem of Jacobi's bound) remains open. There are some generalization of the problem of Jacobi's bound to the partial differential equations, but the results in this area are just appearing. At the beginning of the 20th century algebraic methods in the theory of differen tial equations were actively developed by F. Riquier [RiqlO] and M.
Tropical geometry is a combinatorial shadow of algebraic geometry, offering new polyhedral tools to compute invariants of algebraic varieties. It is based on tropical algebra, where the sum of two numbers is their minimum and the product is their sum. This turns polynomials into piecewise-linear functions, and their zero sets into polyhedral complexes. These tropical varieties retain a surprising amount of information about their classical counterparts. Tropical geometry is a young subject that has undergone a rapid development since the beginning of the 21st century. While establishing itself as an area in its own right, deep connections have been made to many branches of pure and applied mathematics. This book offers a self-contained introduction to tropical geometry, suitable as a course text for beginning graduate students. Proofs are provided for the main results, such as the Fundamental Theorem and the Structure Theorem. Numerous examples and explicit computations illustrate the main concepts. Each of the six chapters concludes with problems that will help the readers to practice their tropical skills, and to gain access to the research literature. This wonderful book will appeal to students and researchers of all stripes: it begins at an undergraduate level and ends with deep connections to toric varieties, compactifications, and degenerations. In between, the authors provide the first complete proofs in book form of many fundamental results in the subject. The pages are sprinkled with illuminating examples, applications, and exercises, and the writing is lucid and meticulous throughout. It is that rare kind of book which will be used equally as an introductory text by students and as a reference for experts. —Matt Baker, Georgia Institute of Technology Tropical geometry is an exciting new field, which requires tools from various parts of mathematics and has connections with many areas. A short definition is given by Maclagan and Sturmfels: “Tropical geometry is a marriage between algebraic and polyhedral geometry”. This wonderful book is a pleasant and rewarding journey through different landscapes, inviting the readers from a day at a beach to the hills of modern algebraic geometry. The authors present building blocks, examples and exercises as well as recent results in tropical geometry, with ingredients from algebra, combinatorics, symbolic computation, polyhedral geometry and algebraic geometry. The volume will appeal both to beginning graduate students willing to enter the field and to researchers, including experts. —Alicia Dickenstein, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina