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The sun has a dominant influence on the terrestrial environment, an environment which affects many phases of direct military interests such as the upper atmosphere, communications, satellite operations, weather, etc. The results obtained add to the interpretation of the solar terrestrial relationships that may add to their predictability. Superposed epoch studies of the daily sunspot numbers (Rz) show a different behavior when selected for daily sums of geomagnetic activity (SKp) of 45 up to 56 than for higher or lower values of SKp. (Author Modified Abstract).
We report two ground-level observations, of geomagnetic storms of different origins; they are among the highest geomagnetic storms, in the solar Cycle 24. The first is St. Patrick's Day storm on March 17, 2015, originated by the impact on Earth's atmosphere of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the storm reaching the condition of G4 (severe) level, in the NOAA geomagnetic scale. The second included the major geomagnetic storm whose origin is attributed to the interaction with the Earth of a High-Speed Stream (HSS) ahead of a positive polarity coronal hole on October 7, 2015. This storm reached the condition G3 (strong) level. We give emphasis to observations detected by the New-Tupi muon telescopes, located at sea level in Brazil (22.53° S, 43.13° W). We present a study of these observations in correlation with observations reported by multipoint space-based measurements, such as the ACE at Lagrange Point L1 and the geostationary GOES weather satellite, including two global geomagnetic indices and several ground-based detectors. Some considerations on the influence of these geomagnetic storms in the Earth weather are reported.
Includes entries for maps and atlases.
Recent efforts include the study of the solar dynamics by directly observing the surface manifestations of giant scale convective motions. A knowledge of the structure of the convective zone is crucial to the eventual understanding of the solar magnetic cycle. The origin and structure of coronal magnetic fields and the origin of solar wind variability are studied. The 'static' structure of the corona is governed by the large scale organization of photospheric fields. During times of low activity, these fields can be used to infer the coronal structure with reasonable accuracy. Our synoptic series of high accuracy low resolution magnetic observations continues to provide a useful source for a number of investigations conducted at Stanford and elsewhere. The relation between the effects of transient events and the large scale ambient structure is investigated. Flare accelerated material that does not cross the heliospheric current sheet has a larger impact on the terrestrial environment than material from flares that must cross the current sheet to arrive at the earth.