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This volume addresses a number of experimental techniques and methods for the treatment of data introduced in the last ten years or so in different fields of the atmospheric sciences. Considerable emphasis has been given since their introduction to the use of satellites or spaceborne measurements with a recent example being the important results obtained with UARS. Of particular interest are the airborne instruments developed for the stratospheric measurement campaign organized by the NASA since 1976 to study the ozone hole and followed later by similar experiments to study the high-latitude ozone depletion in the northern hemisphere. The results of these experiments have helped clarify the role of chlorine-bearing compounds in the ozone depletion and the effect of the heterogeneous processes. The book is organized in 4 chapters: the first 3 divide the different techniques according to the location of the measuring instrumentation (ground, air and space) with the 4th chapter dealing with theory and analysis.
This volume addresses a number of experimental techniques and methods for the treatment of data introduced in the last ten years or so in different fields of the atmospheric sciences. Considerable emphasis has been given since their introduction to the use of satellites or spaceborne measurements with a recent example being the important results obtained with UARS. Of particular interest are the airborne instruments developed for the stratospheric measurement campaign organized by the NASA since 1976 to study the ozone hole and followed later by similar experiments to study the high-latitude ozone depletion in the northern hemisphere. The results of these experiments have helped clarify the role of chlorine-bearing compounds in the ozone depletion and the effect of the heterogeneous processes. The book is organized in 4 chapters: the first 3 divide the different techniques according to the location of the measuring instrumentation (ground, air and space) with the 4th chapter dealing with theory and analysis.
One of the exciting characteristics of metrology is its intimate relationship between fundamental physics and the leading edge of technology which is needed to perform advanced and challenging experiments and measurements. This title includes a set of lectures which present the relevant progress in Metrology.
Chemistry and Physics of Stratospheric Ozone will provide an in-depth account of chemical and physical properties of stratospheric ozone, which will be valuable to a wide audience. The research of the last decade has produced as many arguments as answers, and the author provides a good account of both the accepted and provocative resolutions. - Focuses on the important aspects of stratospheric ozone that are needed to understand most of the literature - Provides extensive discussion of the natural and human-induced changes to the "ozone layer" - Includes homework problems at the end of each chapter
The reliability and accuracy of systems of measurement continue to advance. We are about to enter a period of the most stable measurement system we can imagine with the anticipated new definitions of the SI units of measurement; a direct link between fundamental physics and metrology which will eliminate the current definition of the kilogram, until now based upon an artifact. This book presents selected papers from Course 185 of the Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, held in Varenna, Italy, in July 2012 and jointly organized with the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The papers delivered at the school covered some of the most advanced topics in the discipline of metrology, including nano-technologies; quantum information and quantum devices; biology and medicine; food; surface quality; ionising radiation for health, environment, art and archaeology; and climate. The continuous and striking advances in basic research concerning atomic frequency standards operating both in the visible range and at microwave levels and the applications to satellite systems are also considered, in the framework of a historical review of the international organization of metrology, as are the problems inherent in uncertainty statements and definitions. This book will be of interest to all those whose work involves scientific measurement at the highest levels of accuracy.
Although first proposed by Einstein in 1924, Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a gas was not achieved until 1995 when, using a combination of laser cooling and trapping, and magnetic trapping and evaporation, it was first observed in rubidium and then in lithium and sodium, cooled down to extremely low temperatures. This book brought together many leaders in both theory and experiment on Bose-Einstein condensation in gases. Their lectures provided a detailed coverage of the experimental techniques for the creation and study of BEC, as well as the theoretical foundation for understanding the properties of this novel system. This volume provides the first systematic review of the field and the many developments that have taken place in the past three years.
Annotation Rodgers (U. of Oxford) provides graduate students and other researchers a background to the inverse problem and its solution, with applications relating to atmospheric measurements. He introduces the stages in the reverse order than the usual approach in order to develop the learner's intuition about the nature of the inverse problem. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
One of the great unsolved problems of science and also of physics is the prediction of the three dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. It may be stated that the deep connection existing between physics and protein folding is not so much, or in any case not only, through physical methods, but through physical concepts.
The search for microscopic models to explain the many superconducting substances has introduced seminal concepts and techniques in many-body physics and in statistical mechanics. The complexity of the high-temperature superconductors has required a remarkable refinement of experimental techniques in order to allow a reliable characterization of the samples, and is partly the reason why so many different microscopic models have so far been proposed. This Enrico Fermi Course on Superconductivity was provided an up-to date presentation of selected experimental and theoretical theories on the (so called) conventional superconductivity and on the high temperature superconductivity. The attention was focused on those reliable measurements which are expected to provide the theory with key constraints, viz: Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy, Nuclear Spin Resonance, Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy, transport measurements, Josephson effect. The lectures devoted to the overview of the BCS theory and to the discussion of minimal models and of the crossover from BCS to Bose-Einstein condensation may be particularly useful. The remaining part of the program was shared between phonon and non-phonon based mechanisms. On the one hand, special emphasis has been devoted to the breakdown of the Migdal theorem and to polaronic theories. On the other, the book contains an overview of strongly correlated electron theories, including magnetic interactions. A survey of the physics of vortices completes the theoretical part of the lectures.