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This book has its origin in a proposal made a few years ago that I should collaborate with Dr H. J. Stern in the production of a third edition of his well-known text-book entitled Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. The sugges tion was that I should contribute a series of chapters on synthetic rubbers. Although, in the event, it has not proved possible to publish the full book in the form originally planned, it was apparent that, with some restructuring, the material which I had collected would be valuable as an independent summary of the chemistry and technology of synthetic rubbers. It is in this form that the material is now offered. The primary purpose of this book is to provide a brief up-to-date survey of the principal types of synthetic rubber which have been and are currently available. Two classes of material are included which are regarded by some as being thermoplastics rather than rubbers, namely, plasticised polyvinyl chloride and the thermoplastic synthetic rubbers. The topics which are covered for each main family of synthetic rubbers are (i) the sources of the monomers, (ii) polymerisation procedures and the effects of important polymerisation variables upon the rubber produced, (iii) the types of rubber currently available commercially, (iv) interesting aspects of the compounding of the rubbers, with special reference to such matters as vulcanisation, reinforcement, protection against degradation, and (where appropriate) plasticisation, and (v) an indication of applications.
This volume, the fourth in a series which began in 1979, covers a greater variety of subjects than any previous single volume. The basis of selection has been topical interest; hence the tailor-making of polymers to develop specific properties, methods of improving com pound processability and the use of rubbers in the oil industry are featured alongside a discussion of safety aspects. We have again sought the cooperation of the foremost authorities on the chosen subjects and have been delighted at the response which has yielded a list of authors of international repute. A. w. K. S. L. CONTENTS Preface v List of Contributors ix 1. Recent Developments in Synthetic Rubbers by Anionic Polymerization 1 I. G. HARGIS, R. A. LIVIGNI and S. L. AGGARWAL 2. Advances in Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 57 P. W. MILNER 3. Epoxidized Natural Rubber. 87 C. S. L. BAKER and I. R. GELLING 4. Process Aids and Plasticizers . 119 B. G. CROWTHER 5. A Review of Elastomers Used for Oilfield Sealing Environments . 159 W. N. K. REVOLTA and G. C. SWEET 6. Using Modern Mill Room Equipment . 193 H. ELLWOOD 7. Quality Requirements and Rubber Mixing . 221 P. S. JOHNSON 8. Health and Safety . . 253 B. G. WILLOUGHBY Index . 307 vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS s. L. AGGARWAL Gen Corp , Research Division, 2990 Gilchrist Road, Akron, Ohio 44305, USA C. S. L. BAKER Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association, Tun Abdul Razak Laboratory, Brickendonbury, Hertford SG13 8NL, UK B. G.
This book is intended for those people who have a knowledge or understanding of rubber materials and processes but who wish to update their knowledge. It should be read in conjunction with Developments in Rubber Technology-l as that volume discussed developments in natural rubber and selected special purpose synthetic rubbers as well as additives. The authors have been selected for their expertise in each particular field and we, as editors, would like to express our appreciation to the individual authors and also to their companies. Such a book would be impossible to produce without such active cooperation as we have received. Volumes 1 and 2 of Developments in Rubber Technology cover rubbers which are processed and vulcanised in the traditional manner. It is appreciated that the omission of non-vulcanised rubber materials (the so called thermoplastic elastomers) will be unwelcome to many readers but it is intended, because of the size of the subject, to cover these materials in a subsequent volume. A.W. K.S.L.
The Science and Technology of Rubber, Third Edition provides a broad survey of elastomers with special emphasis on materials with a rubber-like elasticity. As in the 2nd edition, the emphasis remains on a unified treatment of the material; exploring topics from the chemical aspects such as elastomer synthesis and curing, through recent theoretical developments and characterization of equilibrium and dynamic properties, to the final applications of rubber, including tire engineering and manufacturing. Many advances have been made in polymer and elastomers research over the past ten years since the 2nd edition was published. Updated material stresses the continuous relationship between the ongoing research in synthesis, physics, structure and mechanics of rubber technology and industrial applications. Special attention is paid to recent advances in rubber-like elasticity theory and new processing techniques for elastomers. This new edition is comprised of 20% new material, including a new chapter on environmental issues and tire recycling.
This history of the government-funded synthetic rubber research program (1942-1956) offers a rare analysis of a cooperative research program geared to the improvement of existing products and the creation of new ones. The founders of the program believed the best way to further research in the new field was through collaboration among corporations, universities, and the federal government. Morris concludes that, in fact, the effort was ultimately a failure and that vigorous competition proves the best way to stimulate innovation. Government programs, like the rubber research program, are far better at improving existing products, the author contends, than creating wholly new ones.
The 8th Smithers Rapra conference on Latex and Synthetic Polymer Dispersions gave a very broad picture of the industry. These proceedings cover all the presentations from the two day event which included: The scientific principles underlying latex dipping were described by Professor C. C. Ho, and Dr, Aik Hwee Eng of Ansell spoke about a modern result of dipping - the antimicrobial glove. Very interesting observations about the allergenic potential of synthetic latex gloves compared to those dipped from natural rubber were made by Hardi Tamm of Korymbos. The use of gamma radiation from the very start of the process, as a means of prevulcanization, to the end of the production process, in sterilization, was described by Dr. Rosamma Alex of the Rubber Research Institute of India and Eric Beers of Nordion respectively. The versatility of natural latex was demonstrated in a paper by Dr. Azura of Universiti Sains Malaysia, who showed us how it can be used for the cleaning of compression moulds. Innovative polymer synthesis in the manufacture of latex dispersions was presented by Dr. Joachim Storsberg of the Fraunhofer Institute, and Dr. Soeren Butz of Synthomer told how more clever chemistry could be used to "e;tailor-make"e; pressure sensitive adhesives. The environmental side of the industry was not forgotten, with two presentations from the Malaysian Rubber Board - Muhammad D Syraarani describing an environmentally friendly method for the analysis of magnesium in latex and Dr. Devaraj Veerasamy presenting the use of ultrafiltration to process latex. In a similar vein, Prof. Khairah Haji Badri, of the Universiti Tun Abdul Rahman showed how natural resources such as palm oil can be used to create useful polymers. David Hill of David Hill and Associates described how to carry out Process Validation of dipped condoms and gloves, and the delegates were told how the newest latex for dipping - synthetic polyiosprene - compares with the oldest - natural rubber - by Dr. Bert Krutzer of Kraton. The conference ended with Dr. Siby Varghese of the Rubber Research Institute of India, and Prof. Sabu Thomas of the Mahatma Gandhi University describing recent advances and applications in the field of nanotechnology.
This book is a complete guide to epoxidized natural rubber covering from the epoxidation chemistry, production process, raw rubber and compound properties, mixing recommendations as its applications in tire, engineering, general and industrial rubber goods, latex based products such as adhesive, foam and paint as well as sustainability or life cycle analysis of ENR rubber. Hence, it is useful for readers either from the industry which looking for specific product application and properties, or scientists and academicians working on their research using the ENR in their study for reference and guidance.
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