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Ionic polymers, like elephants, are easier to recognise than to define. Several methods of classification have been attempted but none is wholly satisfactory because of the extreme diversity of ionic polymers, which range from the organic, water-soluble polyelectrolytes, through hydrogels and ionomer carboxylate rubbers, to the almost infusible inorganic silicate minerals. For this reason, a general classification is not only difficult, but has minimal utility. However, there are some characteristics of these materials that should be highlighted. The role of counterions is the significant one. These ions, either singly or as clusters, take part in the formation of ionic bonds which have a varying structural role. Often they act as crosslinks, but in the halato-polymers the ionic bonds form an integral part of the polymer backbone itself. Conversely, in polymers contain ing covalent crosslinks, such as the ion-exchange resins, the coun terions have virtually no structural role to play, since they dwell in cage-like structures without affecting the crosslinking, and are readily exchanged. They are, perhaps, best described as ion-containing polymers rather than structural ionic polymers. Another crucial factor is the role of water in ionic polymers. The presence of ionic bonds means that there is a tendency for these materials to interact with water. Where the ionic polymer contains a high proportion of ionic units, it acts as a hydrogel and may be highly soluble. Such interactions with water decrease sharply as the ionic content is reduced, though even then water can act as a plasticiser.
More than simply an up-to-date review of ionic polymerization, this book presents an in-depth and critical comparison of the anionic and cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers and heterocyclic compounds. These different modes of ionic polymerization are examined with regard to their capacity for producing living polymers. The concept of living polymers is re-examined and redefined in light of current knowledge of ionic polymerization and possible side reactions. Throughout, the authors offer perceptive insights into the basic concepts of polymerization chemistry and polymerization reaction mechanisms. The book begins with a review of ionic and radical polymerizations, the development of ionic polymerization, living and dormant polymers, and polymerizability. It goes on to consider important aspects of the structure and properties of ionic species; initiation and propagation of ionic polymerization; polymerization steps other than initiation or propagation, such as termination, isomerization, transfer, backbiting, and degraduation; and ionic copolymerization. Ionic Polymerization and Living Polymers is a much needed advanced text that will be widely read and referred to by polymer scientists, macromolecular chemists, and materials scientists.
This book focuses on electro active polymer material known as Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) having unique applicability as sensor and actuator which finds extensive use in various domain of engineering and science research. Apart from fundamentals of the IPMC concept, various applications are covered extensively across the chapters including space, underwater and nanoscale, including manufacturing processes. Dedicated chapters are included for robotics and biomedical applications and possible research gaps. Future research perspectives for IPMC are also discussed. Features: Covers principle of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC), manufacturing processes, applications, and future possibilities in a systematic manner Highlights IPMC practical applicability in biomedical engineering domain Explores Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) based IPMC soft actuators Discusses IPMC applications in underwater areas Includes IPMC application in robotics focusing on special compliant mechanism This book is aimed toward researchers, graduate students and professionals in materials and mechanical engineering, robotics, mechatronics, biomedical engineering, and physics.
Ionic polymers are present almost everywhere in the world, biological systems being the most important reservoir of ionic polymers such as nucleic acids, and many proteins, alginic acid and so on. Artificial ionic polymers derived from natural polymers such as chitin, cellulose or starch, by adequate chemical transformations, and a multitude of synthetic ionic polymers are generated in the laboratory. They can contain ionic or ionisable groups. Ionic polymers, either artificial or synthetic, have a multitude of applications such as: stabilisation or destabilisation of dispersions, thickening of solutions, oil recovery aids, water purification, corrosion inhibitors, soil conditioners, anti-static agents, additives in cosmetics and foods, surface modification, and so forth. Solid ionic hybrid materials found applications such as polymer electrolytes or substrates for the organic synthesis in solid phase. Many books and article reviews were dedicated to this wide class of polymers but the permanent diversification of their structures and applications ask for new and updated overviews on this field. Therefore, this book reports updated information from literature as well as original contributions in the field of ionic (co)polymers and hybrids, mainly on the applications of ionic polymers and hybrids such as: self-assembled multi-layers, ionic polymers containing azobenzene chromophore, phase separation processes, chelating ion exchangers, polymer electrolytes, functionalised solid surfaces and ionic hybrid hydrogels.
Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids contains research on the preparation, characterization, and potential applications of stable ionic liquids (ILs). ILs are a class of low- and stable-melting point, ionic compounds that have a variety of properties allowing many of them to be sustainable green solvents. It is promising novel research from top to bottom and has received a lot of interest over the last few decades. It covers the advanced topics of physical, catalytic, chemical, polymeric, and potential applications of ILs. This book features interesting reports on cutting-edge science and technology related to the preparation, characterization, polymerization, and potential applications of ILs. This potentially unique work offers various approaches on the R
Solvents and ionic liquids are ubiquitous within our whole life since ancient times and their effects are actually being studied through basic sciences like Chemistry, Physics and Biology as well as being researched by a large number of scientific disciplines.This book represents an attempt to present examples on the utility of old and new solvents and the effects they exercise on several fields of academic and industrial interest. The first section, Solvents, presents information on bio-solvents and their synthesis, industrial production and applications, about per and trichloroethylene air monitoring in dry cleaners in the city of Sfax (Tunsia) and on the synthesis of polyimides using molten benzoic acid as the solvent. The second section, Ionic Liquids, shows information about the synthesis, physicochemical characterization and exploration of antimicrobial activities of imidazolium ionic liquid-supported Schiff base and its transition metal complexes, the technology of heterogenization of transition metal catalysts towards the synthetic applications in an ionic liquid matrix, the progress in ionic liquids as reaction media, monomers, and additives in high-performance polymers, a pre-screening of ionic liquids as gas hydrate inhibitor via application of COSMO-RS for methane hydrate, the extraction of aromatic compounds from their mixtures with alkanes from ternary to quaternary (or higher) systems and a review on ionic liquids as environmental benign solvent for cellulose chemistry. The final section, Solvent Effects, displays interesting information on solvent effects on dye sensitizers derived from anthocyanidins for applications in photocatalysis, about the solvent effect on a model of SNAr reaction in conventional and non-conventional solvents, and on solvent effects in supramolecular systems.
The series covers the fundamentals and applications of different smart material systems from renowned international experts.
Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids discusses the intersection of nanotechnology with ionic liquids (ILs) and materials, along with opportunities for advanced engineering applications in various research fields. Novel materials at nano scales with ILs creates an upsurge in the thermal and electrochemical constancy of the nano scale particles, making them ideal for industrial applications. The implementation of ILs at nano scale includes an interaction of constituents, which is beneficial for electron transfer reactions. These new composites can be implemented as sensors, electronics, catalysts and photonics. Including ILs in polymer composites enhance electrochemical consistency, govern particle size, upsurge conductivity, reduce toxicity, and more. This book is a comprehensive reference for researchers working with IL based technologies for environmental and energy applications. - Covers all industrial aspects and advanced applications of ionic liquids (ILs) - Discusses the advanced applications of ILs across multiple fields, including industrial chemistry and chemical engineering - Includes a discussion of the use of ionic liquids in functional polymers, with applications for catalysis, energy conservation, sensors, and more