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The genetic study of the C. elegans dauer developmental decision has served as an experimental paradigm for understanding how environmental cues influence organismal physiology through evolutionarily conserved neuroendocrine signaling mechanisms. My genetic characterization of the previously isolated daf-28(sa191) mutant that enters dauer constitutively has revealed cell-nonautonomous roles of conserved stress signaling pathways-the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and translational control mediated by eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation. While the cell-autonomous functions of these stress-responsive mechanisms in maintaining cellular homeostasis have been examined, their organismal effects on remodeling development and stress responses remain largely unexplored. Chapter II will highlight the hypotheses and approaches that led to identification of the PEK-1/PERK branch of the UPR, functioning in a pair of chemosensory neurons, as a novel regulator of the dauer developmental decision. Chapter III will examine the systemic effects of eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation, downstream of PERK/PEK-1 activation, in the sensory nervous system on larval development and stress responses. Specifically, the identification of the C. elegans translational regulatory factors that function as molecular determinants of cellular and systemic sensitivity to eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation will be described. Subsections of Chapter III and IV will also highlight genes whose functions can modify the organismal effects of the UPR and eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation: these genes are involved in modulation of ER proteostasis or function in the dauer neuroendocrine pathways that interact with the UPR or eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation. Finally, we proceed to show that alterations in the neuronal eIF2[alpha] phosphorylation status may modulate sensory processing to influence diverse physiological outputs, mimicking the effects of starvation or unfavorable microbial environment. Collectively, results from my study indicate that modulation of the UPR and eIF2[alpha]-mediated translational control in the sensory nervous system confers substantial cell-nonautonomous effects on animal physiology. These findings underscore how molecular events underlying cellular homeostasis, which can be perturbed by fluctuating environmental and developmental conditions, may be co-opted to systemically reprogram organismal stress responses in C. elegans.
Defines the current status of research in the genetics, anatomy, and development of the nematode C. elegans, providing a detailed molecular explanation of how development is regulated and how the nervous system specifies varied aspects of behavior. Contains sections on the genome, development, neural networks and behavior, and life history and evolution. Appendices offer genetic nomenclature, a list of laboratory strain and allele designations, skeleton genetic maps, a list of characterized genes, a table of neurotransmitter assignments for specific neurons, and information on codon usage. Includes bandw photos. For researchers in worm studies, as well as the wider community of researchers in cell and molecular biology. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The Neurobiology of C. elegans assembles together a series of chapters describing the progress researchers have made toward solving some of the major problems in neurobiology with the use of this powerful model organism. The first chapter is an introduction to the anatomy of the C. elegans nervous system. This chapter provides a useful introduction to this system and will help the reader who is less familiar with this system understand the chapters that follow. The next two chapters on learning, conditioning and memory and neuronal specification and differentiation, summarize the current state of the C. elegans field in these two major areas of neurobiology. The remaining chapters describe studies in C. elegans that have provided particularly exciting insights into neurobiology.
The interaction between biology and evolution has been the subject of great interest in recent years. Because evolution is such a highly debated topic, a biologically oriented discussion will appeal not only to scientists and biologists but also to the interested lay person. This topic will always be a subject of controversy and therefore any breaking information regarding it is of great interest.The author is a recognized expert in the field of developmental biology and has been instrumental in elucidating the relationship between biology and evolution. The study of evolution is of interest to many different kinds of people and Genomic Regulatory Systems: In Development and Evolution is written at a level that is very easy to read and understand even for the nonscientist. * Contents Include* Regulatory Hardwiring: A Brief Overview of the Genomic Control Apparatus and Its Causal Role in Development and Evolution * Inside the Cis-Regulatory Module: Control Logic and How the Regulatory Environment Is Transduced into Spatial Patterns of Gene Expression* Regulation of Direct Cell-Type Specification in Early Development* The Secret of the Bilaterians: Abstract Regulatory Design in Building Adult Body Parts* Changes That Make New Forms: Gene Regulatory Systems and the Evolution of Body Plans
Neuroscience has long been focused on understanding neural plasticity in both development and adulthood. Experimental work in this area has focused almost entirely on plasticity at excitatory synapses. A growing body of evidence suggests that plasticity at inhibitory GABAergic and glycinergic synapses is of critical importance during both development and aging. The book brings together the work of researchers investigating inhibitory plasticity at many levels of analysis and in several different preparations. This topic is of wide relevance across a number of different areas of research in neuroscience and neurology. Medical problems such as epilepsy, mental illness, drug abuse, and movement disorders can result from malfunctioning inhibitory circuits. Further, the maturation of inhibitory circuits may trigger the onset of critical periods of neural circuit plasticity, raising the possibility that such plastici periods could be reactivated for medical benefit by manipulating inhibitory circuitry.
Neural plasticity--the brain's ability to change in response to normal developmental processes, experience, and injury--is a critically important phenomenon for both neuroscience and psychology. Increasing evidence about the extent of plasticity--long past the supposedly critical first three years--has recently emerged. Neural Plasticity offers the first succinct and lucid integration of this research and its implications. Pointing out the negative and the positive consequences of plasticity, Peter Huttenlocher describes plasticity in children and adults (in normal aging and in response to trauma), in sensory systems, the motor cortex, higher cortical functions, and language development, proceeding system by system, and paying particular attention to the cerebral cortex. One of the book's strengths is its range of references, not only to studies on human subjects but to the experimental study of animal models as well. This book will be a unique contribution to research and to the literature on clinical neuroscience.
"A welcome newcomer to the meager ranks of developmental texts ... Either as a text ... or as an introduction to the developmental and plasticity literature ... it represents a valuable and most appreciated addition." --Development Psychobiology
Nematode Models of Development and Disease, Volume 144 in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters surrounding Transgenerational inheritance, Oscillatory expression and function, Concepts and functions of small RNA pathways in C. elegans, Exploring the nuclear lamina in health and pathology using C. elegans, Cellular Plasticity, Morphogenesis, Tubulogenesis, Organogenesis forces, Programmed cell fusion in development and homeostasis, One template, two outcomes: how does the sex-shared nervous system generate sex-specific behaviors?, Metabolic Cellular Coordination of Gene-Environment Interactions, and much more. Other chapters cover Chemical and physical cues and micro-evolution in early embryogenesis, Innate immunity, Sex and Death, Dendrites maturation, axonal growth and extracellular glycoproteins, Autophagocytosis, Spermatogenesis, and the developmental and physiological roles of phagocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology