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Recent commercialization efforts made in the fields of flexible sensors, low-energy Bluetooth transmitters, and low-power thin-film electronics have contributed to significant fast-paced growth in the smart wearable industry. This drastic paradigm shift in the flexible electronics component design has fuelled an evolution in the flexible personal electronics, biomedical, athletics, and logistics industries as more flexible, thin-film products are offered. Flexible thin-film electrochemical capacitors (EC) or supercapacitors are energy storage solutions that offer both high energy and power densities resulting from the exceptional high electrode specific surface area and appropriately tuned electrode/electrolyte interface. To meet both the electrochemical and mechanical requirements, several aspects of the electrode design was to be considered in the proposed flexible EC devices: a) Areal- and gravimetric specific capacitance; b) Charge-discharge cycling properties; c) Mechanical bending and flexing behaviours; and d) Environmental stability. In this work, novel facile techniques in fabricating flexible EC electrodes with micro- and nano-structured surface modification have been proposed to produce high-performing flexible EC electrodes with additional intrinsic multi-functionalities, such as piezoresistive sensors and breathing sensors, along with energy storage. Herein, to create facile pathways for fabricating flexible, high-performance EC electrodes, this thesis has been divided into the following studies: The first study focuses on the design of a novel environmental-controlled self-assembly method, where polyaniline (PAni) nanorod structures were grown on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers for high-surface-area textile electrochemical capacitor electrodes with intrinsic piezoresistive tactile sensing capabilities. The second study relied on a novel laser-assisted photochemical reduction method to produce reduced graphene oxide micro-ribbon textile electrode directly on a liquid surface, which can be transfer printed onto any substrate for both supercapacitors and breath sensor applications. The third study validated a method for creating hierarchically structured multilayer reduced graphene oxide for flexible intercalated supercapacitor electrodes where simultaneous reduction and nitrogen-doping were successfully achieved. The last study explored the possibility of creating a multi-layered flexible polypyrrole micro-foam/carbon nanotube composite electrodes for flexible supercapacitor devices via the creation of three-dimensional polypyrrole microsphere architecture.
With contributions from an international group of expert authors, this book includes the latest trends in tailoring interfacial properties electrochemically. The chapters cover various organic and inorganic compounds, with applications ranging from electrochemistry to nanotechnology and biology. Of interest to physical, surface and electrochemists, materials scientists and physicists.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and materials used in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, supercapacitors and conversion materials for solar and fuel cells. Chapters introduce the technologies behind each material, in addition to the fundamental principles of the devices, and their wider impact and contribution to the field. This book will be an ideal reference for researchers and individuals working in industries based on energy storage and conversion technologies across physics, chemistry and engineering. FEATURES Edited by established authorities, with chapter contributions from subject-area specialists Provides a comprehensive review of the field Up to date with the latest developments and research Editors Dr. Mesfin A. Kebede obtained his PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Inha University, South Korea. He is now a principal research scientist at Energy Centre of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa. He was previously an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. His extensive research experience covers the use of electrode materials for energy storage and energy conversion. Prof. Fabian I. Ezema is a professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He obtained his PhD in Physics and Astronomy from University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His research focuses on several areas of materials science with an emphasis on energy applications, specifically electrode materials for energy conversion and storage.
Providing the reader with an up to date digest of the most important current research carried out in the field, this volume is compiled and written by leading experts from across the globe. Touching on research areas like exploring the application of electrochemistry in the analysis of chemicals of medical and environmental interest using new materials such as graphene, the development of electrochemical energy storage systems showing how carbon dioxide can be reduced to synthetic fuels, and the application of electrochemical sensors to sensitive and selective determination. The reviews of established and current interest in the field make this book a key reference for researchers in this exciting and developing area.
Since the first and second industrial revolutions, the development of energy conversion and storage technologies have brought great progress and convenience to modern society. Most of the innovations and technologies focus on the carbon-based fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, which are not only limited resources and but also harmful for the environment. Meanwhile, the power demand from industries and societies has been growing rapidly in the recent years. In this consideration, a number of research efforts have been intensively applied to pursue alternative clean energy resources and new energy storage and conversion systems, such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, metal-oxygen, water electrolysis and so on. In this dissertation, we report the synthesis and preparation of a series of polymer and nanomaterials with controllable composition and structure, to fit for the specific requirement in different systems and promote the device performance.In order to prevent the aggregation of graphene sheets, we designed a method to fabricate 3D macro porous graphene by using bi-continuous polymer templates. The structure and pore size of the graphene can be controlled by corresponding polymer templates. The resulting graphene monolith materials were used as the supercapacitor electrode and exhibited excellent stability (over 6000 cycles with capacity retention of 98%). This work provides a novel way to fabricate high-quality, macroporous graphene that can be useful in applications such as electrochemical energy storage electrodes and high surface area catalyst scaffolds.To investigate the Li-oxygen battery discharge reaction pathway, patterned Au-nanodots as surface-enhanced Raman substrates are prepared by using a universal method of metal deposition through a nano-shadow mask. The discharge products on different electrodes (graphene and gold) were analyzed and the results indicated that the reaction process on the lithium-air cathode was significantly dependent upon the change of cathode materials. To develop a stable, efficient, non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction, we have synthesized hollow and conductive iron-cobalt phosphide (Fe-Co-P) alloy nanostructures using a Fe-Co metal organic complex as a precursor. The Fe-Co-P alloy exhibits excellent OER activity with a specific current density of 10 mA/cm2 being achieved at an overpotential of 252 mV. Our results conclude that the electrochemical-induced high-valent iron stabilizes the cobalt in a low-valent state, leading to the simultaneous enhancement of activity and stability of the OER catalyst.For the purpose of developing high energy storage lithium ion batteries, we have synthesized highly porous Mn3O4/C nanospheres with the hierarchical structure as anode materials by self-assembly to form a spherical Mn-based metal organic complex, followed by a facile thermal annealing process. The Mn3O4/C nanospheres consisted of homogeneously distributed Mn3O4 nanocrystals with a conformal carbon coating. Such a hierarchical, porous structure provided both good electrical conductivity and volume changes accommodation capability. In order to mitigate the dendrite formation on the Li-metal electrode, 2D Ni3 (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (Ni3 (HITP)2) metal-organic framework was also explored as the nano-host for Li deposition. During cycling, the high intrinsic electrical conductivity of Ni3 (HITP)2 evens potential difference on the Li metal surface and the nano-channel structure enables fast Li-ion and organic molecules through 2D nanosheets and endows nano hosts for Li nucleation and deposition. The 2D conductive MOF modified Li electrode exhibits an excellent coulombic efficiency of 99.95% in the Li/ Li2 Ti5 O12 (LTO) cell for 500 cycles. In order to improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries, we have explored a high yield method to prepare surface-modified glass fiber pillars strengthened shear thickening electrolyte from the conventional Li-ion battery electrolyte. The volume fraction of the fillers could be lowered compared with the spherical fillers due to the high aspect ratio of the glass fiber pillars. The electrochemical stability of this impact resistant electrolyte was further evaluated in the half-cell and full-cell characterizations. Ballistic tests were also carried out to monitor the voltage variation with different impact energies. In this thesis, we have introduced a number of synthesis and preparation methods to fabricate structured polymer and nanomaterials. These materials are employed as electrodes, electrolyte fillers and catalyst by adjusting the composition, structure, and surface of the materials. The fabrication and evaluation of the energy storage and conversion devices (supercapacitors, Li-ion, Li-oxygen batteries, and alkaline water electrolysis) are also included.
Volume XVII in the "Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering" series, this monograph covers progress in this rapidly developing field with a particular emphasis on important applications, including spectroscopy, medicinal chemistry and analytical chemistry. As such it covers nanopatterned and nanoparticle-modified electrodes for analytical detection, surface spectroscopy, electrocatalysis and a fundamental understanding of the relation between the electrode structure and its function. Written by a group of international experts, this is a valuable resource for researchers working in such fields as electrochemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, analytical and medicinal chemistry.
The electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.
Energy storage devices are considered to be an important field of interest for researchers worldwide. Batteries and supercapacitors are therefore extensively studied and progressively evolving. The book not only emphasizes the fundamental theories, electrochemical mechanism and its computational view point, but also discusses recent developments in electrode designing based on nanomaterials, separators, fabrication of advanced devices and their performances.
This book explores a wide range of energy storage devices, such as a lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium ion battery and supercapacitors. Providing a comprehensive review of the current field, it also discusses the history of these technologies and introduces next-generation rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. This book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers working with energy storage technologies across the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering. Features: • Edited by established authorities in the field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists • Provides a comprehensive review of field • Up to date with the latest developments and research
Oxide Free Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications covers in depth topics on non-oxide nanomaterials involving transition metal nitrides, carbides, selenides, phosphides, oxynitrides based electrodes, & other non-oxide groups. The current application of nanostructured nonoxides involves their major usage in energy storage and conversion devices variety of applications such as supercapacitor, batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells and hydrogen production applications. The current application of energy storage devices involves their usage of nanostructured non-oxide materials with improved energy and power densities. In this book readers will discover the major advancements in this field during the past decades. The various techniques used to prepare environmentally friendly nanostructured non-oxide materials, their structural and morphological characterization, their improved mechanical and material properties, and finally, current applications and future impacts of these materials are discussed. While planning and fabricating non-oxide materials, the readers must be concern over that they ought to be abundant, cost-efficient and environment-friendly for clean innovation and conceivably be of use in an expansive choice of utilization. The book gives detailed literature on the development of nanostructured non-oxides, their use as energy related devices and their present trend in the industry and market. This book also emphasis on the latest advancement about application of these noble non-oxide based materials for photocatalytic water-splitting. Recent progress on various kinds of both photocatalytic and electrocatalytic nanomaterials is reviewed, and essential aspects which govern catalytic behaviours and the corresponding stability are discussed. The book will give an updated literature on the synthesis, potential applications and future of nanostructured non-oxides in energy related applications. This book is highly useful to researchers working in the field with diversified backgrounds are expected to making the chapter truly interdisciplinary in nature. The contents in the book will emphasize the recent advances in interdisciplinary research on processing, morphology, structure and properties of nanostructured non-materials and their applications in energy applications such as supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, electrochemical water splitting and other energy applications. Thus, nanotechnology researchers, scientists and experts need to have update of the growing trends and applications in the field of science and technology. Further, the postgraduate students, scientists, researchers and technologists are need to buy this book. Offers a comprehensive coverage of the nanostructured non-oxide materials and their potential energy applications Examines the properties of nanostructured non-oxide materials that make them so adaptable Explores the mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact with each other, showing how these can be used for industrial applications Shows the how nanostructured non-oxide materials are used in a wide range of industry sectors, containing energy production and storage