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Polymers for solar energy applications have to meet rigorous cost goals in terms of material and fabrication costs, as well as stringent criteria for performance over long periods (>10 to 30 years) of outdoor deployment. Hence, the development of reliable models for life prediction of polymeric components is essential if projections of the life cycle cost of solar energy conversion devices are to be meaningful. These models are based on a mechanistic understanding of failure and degradation mechanisms in polymeric materials and on a correlation between failure rates and degradation rates. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., we have developed a solar polymer research and development program which has the following components: (a) study of degradation mechanisms, including those induced photochemically; (b) development of accelerated test procedures, including test chambers, test parameters, and test conditions; and (c) development of diagnostic techniques that can detect small changes in chemical properties in real-time abbreviated tests as well as predict incipient failures in accelerated tests.
The technical or research objective of this project is to investigate and develop new polymers and polymer based optoelectronic devices for potentially cost effective (or cost competitive), durable, lightweight, flexible, and high efficiency solar energy conversion applications. The educational objective of this project includes training of future generation scientists, particularly young, under-represented minority scientists, working in the areas related to the emerging organic/polymer based solar energy technologies and related optoelectronic devices. Graduate and undergraduate students will be directly involved in scientific research addressing issues related to the development of polymer based solar cell technology.
This book will cover the most recent progress on the use of low-cost nanomaterials and development of low-cost/large scale processing techniques for greener and more efficient energy related applications, including but not limited to solar cells, energy storage, fuel cells, hydrogen generation, biofuels, etc. Leading researchers will be invited to author chapters in the field with their expertise. Each chapter will provide general introduction to a specific topic, current status of research and development, research challenges and outlook for future direction of research. This book aims to benefit a broad readership, from undergraduate/graduate students to researchers working on renewable energy.
The research and development activities in energy conversion and storage are playing a significant role in our daily lives owing to the rising interest in clean energy technologies to alleviate the fossil-fuel crisis. Polymers are used in energy conversion and storage technology due to their low-cost, softness, ductility and flexibility compared to carbon and inorganic materials. Polymers in Energy Conversion and Storage provides in-depth literature on the applicability of polymers in energy conversion and storage, history and progress, fabrication techniques, and potential applications. Highly accomplished experts review current and potential applications including hydrogen production, solar cells, photovoltaics, water splitting, fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. Chapters address the history and progress, fabrication techniques, and many applications within a framework of basic studies, novel research, and energy applications. Additional Features Include: Explores all types of energy applications based on polymers and its composites Provides an introduction and essential concepts tailored for the industrial and research community Details historical developments in the use of polymers in energy applications Discusses the advantages of polymers as electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells This book is an invaluable guide for students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in the field.
Polymer Materials for Energy and Electronic Applications is among the first books to systematically describe the recent developments in polymer materials and their electronic applications. It covers the synthesis, structures, and properties of polymers, along with their composites. In addition, the book introduces, and describes, four main kinds of electronic devices based on polymers, including energy harvesting devices, energy storage devices, light-emitting devices, and electrically driving sensors. Stretchable and wearable electronics based on polymers are a particular focus and main achievement of the book that concludes with the future developments and challenges of electronic polymers and devices. Provides a basic understanding on the structure and morphology of polymers and their electronic properties and applications Highlights the current applications of conducting polymers on energy harvesting and storage Introduces the emerging flexible and stretchable electronic devices Adds a new family of fiber-shaped electronic devices
This book details the use of conducting polymers and their composites in supercapacitors, batteries, photovoltaics, and fuel cells, nearly covering the entire spectrum of energy area under one title. Conducting Polymers for Advanced Energy Applications covers a range of advanced materials based on conducting polymers, the fundamentals, and the chemistry behind these materials for energy applications. FEATURES Covers materials, chemistry, various synthesis approaches, and the properties of conducting polymers and their composites Discusses commercialization and markets and elaborates on advanced applications Presents an overview and the advantages of using conducting polymers and their composites for advanced energy applications Describes a variety of nanocomposites, including metal oxides, chalcogenides, graphene, and materials beyond graphene Offers the fundamentals of electrochemical behavior This book provides a new direction for scientists, researchers, and students in materials science and polymer chemistry who seek to better understand the chemistry behind conducting polymers and improve their performance for use in advanced energy applications.
The need to develop sustainable, eco-friendly energy sources is a major driving force in the development of efficient photovoltaic cells. Organic solar cells are a relatively new solar energy technology compared to their inorganic counterparts and have many desirable properties including light weight, easy fabrication and potential for large-scale manufacture. Till now many semiconducting polymers have been synthesized and investigated extensively. One of the widely common donor polymers is P3HT, which has been used with fullerene-based acceptors as BHJ blend systems in OPV. However, because of the high cost and weak absorption of fullerene-based acceptors, non-fullerene acceptors have been investigated as promising alternatives. ITIC, as a representative of non-fullerene acceptors, exhibits broad strong absorption and high electron mobility. Although the ideal PCE is 9%, the highest PCE of P3HT:ITIC obtained till now in literature is 1.25% only which may be due to the recombination of free charges. In this thesis, we tried to overcome the recombination of free charges by using P3HT with lower regioregularity (P3HT rr~85%) which would increase the interaction between donor and acceptor and help to enhance charge transfer. Interestingly, organic solar cells with P3HT (rr~85%):ITIC as the active layer approached a PCE (Power conversion efficiency) of 1.33% which is significantly higher than P3HT (rr~98%):ITIC device with a PCE of 0.76%. The height and phase AFM images suggested interpenetrating morphology with lower RMS roughness in the P3HT(rr~85%):ITIC blend film, indicating better bulk charge transport properties. Moreover, both hole and electron mobilities of P3HT (rr~85%):ITIC were higher which could be explained by the better bi-continuous network formation at nanoscale. Consequently, P3HT (rr~85%):ITIC exhibited higher short circuit current density (Jsc) resulting in better performance. In order to balance the needs of low cost and high performance, our group synthesized two novel donor polymers (P-TOBT-1 and P-TOBT-2) with simpler synthetic route and lower cost and the PCE based on the OSCs reached 9.04% after optimization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest synthetic cost with high PCE above 9%. PTOBT-1 contains only Z configuration in the side chain while PTOBT-2 contains both Z and E configurations. The Voc for the blend of P3HT:ITIC was 0.53 V, while a significantly higher Voc of up to 0.90 V was obtained with P-TOBT-1 and P-TOBT-2 as donors. Because of superior bulk charge transport properties, P-TOBT-1:ITIC showed higher Jsc 19.86 mA/cm2 resulting in a better PCE (9.04%) than P-TOBT-2:ITIC (PCE: 6.32%) , which may be caused by higher crystallinity and smoother morphology.