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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, noncontact imaging modality that uses coherent gating to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of the microstructure of biological tissues. Recently, OCT has been considered as a promising technique for intravascular imaging, since it provides direct visualization of vessel walls with resolutions of 1-2 orders higher than intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). However, there are two major drawbacks for OCT: limited penetration depth makes it difficult to image the whole depth of atherosclerotic plaques and clearance of blood is required since the presence of blood can seriously attenuate OCT signals. OCT and ultrasound (US) are complementary in the application of intravascular imaging. This research focuses on the development of an integrated OCT-US system for the application of intravascular imaging. By combining the two imaging modalities, the system is capable of offering simultaneous OCT and ultrasound images in real-time, thus allowing for images with both high resolution and a deep imaging depth which will significantly improve diagnostic accuracy in the detection of atherosclerosis. OCT-US probes that combine OCT optical components and US transducers have been developed. Different probe designs have been realized based on different applications; and the latest version of the miniature design aimed at human coronary artery imaging has a maximum outer diameter of only 0.69mm. A rotary joint that combines a fiber optic rotary joint and electrical slip ring has been developed, so that both optical and electrical signals can be transmitted between the stationary and rotary parts of the system. The integrated imaging system provides real-time simultaneous OCT and US data acquisition, processing and image display by using a single two-channel data acquisition board and a home-developed OCT-US program. In vitro human coronary specimen imaging and in vivo animal studies have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of our OCT-US system in the application of intravascular imaging. Last but not least, a 3-dimensional high speed endoscopic OCT system has been developed for the application of airway imaging. In vivo animal studies of smoke-induced early airway injury were performed using this system. Image processing software has been successfully developed for motion artifact removal, image reconstruction and quantitative analysis of airway thickness.
This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of the combined use of imaging modalities to obtain important functional and morphological information on intravascular disease and enhance disease detection. It discusses the integration of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS, intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular photoacoustic imaging (IVPA) and acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE), and introduces the integration of multimodality imaging systems, such as IR and florescence. It includes the latest research advances and numerous imaging photos to offer readers insights into current intravascular applications. It is a valuable resource for students, scientists and physicians wanting to gain a deeper understanding of multimodality imaging tools.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the optical analog of ultrasound imaging and is emerging as a powerful imaging technique that enables non-invasive, in vivo, high resolution, cross-sectional imaging in biological tissue. This book introduces OCT technology and applications not only from an optical and technological viewpoint, but also from biomedical and clinical perspectives. The chapters are written by leading research groups, in a style comprehensible to a broad audience.
Intravascular Ultrasound: From Acquisition to Advanced Quantitative Analysis covers topics of the whole imaging pipeline, ranging from the definition of the clinical problem and image acquisition systems to image processing and analysis, including the assisted clinical-decision making procedures and treatment planning (stent deployment and follow up). Atherosclerosis, a disease of the vessel wall that produces vessel narrowing and obstruction, is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack or stroke. This book covers all aspects of this imaging tool that allows for the visualization of internal vessel structures and the quantification and characterization of coronary plaque. - Provides an introduction to the clinical workflow and current challenges in endovascular interventions - Presents a review of the state-of-the-art methodologies in IVUS imaging and their applications - Includes a rich analysis of the current and potential future connections between the academic, clinical and industrial fields
Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as int
Since the early 1960's, the field of medical imaging has experienced explosive growth due to the development of three new imaging modalities-radionuclide imaging, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Along with X-ray, they are among the most important clinical diagnostic tools in medicine today. Additionally, the digital revolution has played a major role in this growth, with advances in computer and digital technology and in electronics making fast data acquisition and mass data storage possible. This text provides an introduction to the physics and instrumentation of the four most often used medical imaging techniques. Each chapter includes a discussion of recent technological developments and the biological effects of the imaging modality. End-of-chapter problem sets, lists of relevant references, and suggested further reading are presented for each technique. - X-ray imaging, including CT and digital radiography - Radionuclide imaging, including SPECT and PET - Ultrasound imaging - Magnetic resonance imaging
This book focuses on the coronary bioresorbable scaffold, a new interventional treatment for coronary artery disease, differentiated from a permanent metallic stent. The book provides an overview of the technology including non-clinical studies and clinical evidences in order to help clinicians understand the appropriate application of the technology and the optimal techniques of implantation. It covers the basics of bioresorbable scaffolds; bench test results; preclinical studies; clinical evidences; and tips and tricks of implantation.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology that enables 2D cross-sectional images of tissue microstructure. This interferometric technique provides resolutions of approximately 10-20 um with a penetration depth of 1-2 mm in highly scattering tissues. With the use of fiber optics, OCT systems have been developed for intravascular imaging with a demonstrated improvement in both resolution and dynamic range compared to commercial intravascular ultrasound systems. OCT studies of normal, atherosclerotic, and stented arteries indicate the ability of OCT to visualize arterial structures. These results suggest OCT may be a valuable tool for studying luminal structures in tissue engineered constructs. In the present study, new endoscopic OCT systems and analysis techniques were developed to visualize the growth and response of the cellular lining within a tissue engineered blood vessel mimic (BVM). The BVM consists of two primary components. A biocompatible polymeric scaffold is used to form the tubular structure. Human microvessel cells from adipose tissue are sodded on to the inner surface of the scaffold. These constructs are then developed and imaged within a sterile bioreactor. Three specific aims were defined for the present study. First, an OCT longitudinal scanning endoscope was developed. With this endoscope, a study of 16 BVMs was performed comparing images from OCT and corresponding histological sections. The study demonstrated that endoscopic imaging did not visually damage the mimic cellular lining. OCT images showed excellent correlation with corresponding histologicalsections. Second, a concentric three element endoscope was developed to provide radial cross-sections of the BVM. OCT images using this endoscope monitored lining development on three types of polymeric scaffolds. In the third specific aim, automated algorithms were developedto assess the percent cellular coverage of a stent using volumetric OCT images. The results of the present study suggest that OCT endoscopic systems may be a valuable tool for assessing and optimizing the development of tissue engineered constructs. Conversely, the BVMs modeled the arterial response to deployed stents allowing the development of automated OCT analysis software. These results suggest that blood vessel mimics may be used to advance OCT technology and techniques.
Computing and Visualization for Intravascular Imaging and Computer-Assisted Stenting presents imaging, treatment, and computed assisted technological techniques for diagnostic and intraoperative vascular imaging and stenting. These techniques offer increasingly useful information on vascular anatomy and function, and are poised to have a dramatic impact on the diagnosis, analysis, modeling, and treatment of vascular diseases. After setting out the technical and clinical challenges of vascular imaging and stenting, the book gives a concise overview of the basics before presenting state-of-the-art methods for solving these challenges. Readers will learn about the main challenges in endovascular procedures, along with new applications of intravascular imaging and the latest advances in computer assisted stenting. - Brings together scientific researchers, medical experts, and industry partners working in different anatomical regions - Presents an introduction to the clinical workflow and current challenges in endovascular Interventions - Provides a review of the state-of-the-art methodologies in endovascular imaging and their applications - Poses outstanding questions and discusses future research
This dissertation, "Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography System Development for Bioimaging Applications" by Luoqin, Yu, 俞罗琴, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality with strengths in high-resolution, label-free, and noninvasive, which strategically fills the gap between ultrasound and microscopy and is superior for some biomedical applications. Swept source OCT (SS-OCT) improves system simplicity and sensitivity compared to previous versions of time domain OCT (TD-OCT) because of a static reference mirror and has faster imaging speed compared to spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) because of a single photodetector and the availability of high-repetition-rate broadband lasers. Furthermore, functional spectroscopic OCT (SOCT) analyzes materials according to their specific optical properties at different wavelengths. Thus, by utilizing an ultra-wide band OCT and analyzing the sub-band images, it provides us a spectroscopic way to recognize materials. These kinds of newly developed OCT systems are quite promising in clinical bioimaging applications. One of the most commonly used swept sources in SS-OCT systems is the Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) laser. It has a narrow instantaneous linewidth that improves imaging range, a broad sweeping range that renders high resolution, fast building up time that enables fast scanning, and a proper output power. However, traditional FDML lasers have limited sweeping range because of a limited amplification window of the gain medium that is usually unable to achieve an ultra-wide wavelength range. It hinders its way in spectroscopic imaging applications. Nevertheless, multi-band illumination can break through the bandwidth limitation of single-band SOCT. Consequently, developing swept sources with various output wavelength ranges is of high interest. The FDML lasers with output at 1.0 m range are most suitable in water-rich tissues where water dispersion and absorption are minimized. Thus, 1.0 m FDML laser cavities are firstly proposed with different amplification schemes to compare their performances. Dual-and tri-band SS-OCT systems for SOCT application are further investigated for contrast enhancement and differentiation of materials, such as lipid and porcine artery. Not only the output wavelength ranges of swept sources are of big concern, the swept speed is another bottleneck yet to be surpassed, especially for endoscopic applications. As the mechanical inertia of FDML lasers will limit the fundamental A-scan rate to hundreds of kilohertz, an ultrafast mode-locked laser together with inertia-free optical time-stretch mechanism is a promising alternative for SS-OCT endoscopic application. It has long imaging range and allows an A-scan rate up to more than ten megahertz. We further demonstrated this kind of amplified optical time-stretch (AOT) OCT with extensional application by endoscopic imaging. In summary, the goal of this thesis is to develop and extend SS-OCT systems in different aspects for various bioimaging applications. The SS-OCT systems with different advantages are proposed for spectroscopic and endoscopic imaging. Subjects: Imaging systems in medicine Optical coherence tomography