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In January 1990, the Department of Energy initiated this project with the objective to develop the technology for general purpose, portable gamma ray imaging cameras useful to the nuclear industry. The ultimate goal of this R & D initiative is to develop the analog to the color television camera where the camera would respond to gamma rays instead of visible photons. The two-dimensional real-time image would be displayed would indicate the geometric location of the radiation relative to the camera's orientation, while the brightness and ''color'' would indicate the intensity and energy of the radiation (and hence identify the emitting isotope). There is a strong motivation for developing such a device for applications within the nuclear industry, for both high- and low-level waste repositories, for environmental restoration problems, and for space and fusion applications. At present, there are no general purpose radiation cameras capable of producing spectral images for such practical applications. At the time of this writing, work on this project has been underway for almost 18 months. Substantial progress has been made in the project's two primary areas: mechanically-collimated (MCC) and electronically-collimated camera (ECC) designs. We present developments covering the mechanically-collimated design, and then discuss the efforts on the electronically-collimated camera. The renewal proposal addresses the continuing R & D efforts for the third year effort. 8 refs.
In January 1990, the Department of Energy initiated this project with the objective to develop the technology for general purpose, portable gamma ray imaging cameras useful to the nuclear industry. The ultimate goal of this R D initiative is to develop the analog to the color television camera where the camera would respond to gamma rays instead of visible photons. The two-dimensional real-time image would be displayed would indicate the geometric location of the radiation relative to the camera's orientation, while the brightness and color'' would indicate the intensity and energy of the radiation (and hence identify the emitting isotope). There is a strong motivation for developing such a device for applications within the nuclear industry, for both high- and low-level waste repositories, for environmental restoration problems, and for space and fusion applications. At present, there are no general purpose radiation cameras capable of producing spectral images for such practical applications. At the time of this writing, work on this project has been underway for almost 18 months. Substantial progress has been made in the project's two primary areas: mechanically-collimated (MCC) and electronically-collimated camera (ECC) designs. We present developments covering the mechanically-collimated design, and then discuss the efforts on the electronically-collimated camera. The renewal proposal addresses the continuing R D efforts for the third year effort. 8 refs.
This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of detector technology for gamma-ray imaging, especially as it pertains to new applications. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in medical imaging and industrial testing. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the gamma-ray signal into analog/digital value will be covered in some chapters. Some would also provide a review of CMOS chips for gamma-ray image sensors.
The material in this volume was prepared and collected over the past four years with the growing realization that a technical revolution was in progress for diagnostic medicine. It became clear that for the wide variety of imaging instruments and methods finding their way into applications for research and clinical medicine, there was a scarcity of reference and text books for the scientist and engineer beginning in the field. Thus what began as a relatively small project for a single volume has grown into certainly two and probably three volumes to adequately cover the field. This first volume is expected to be followed within a few months by a second volume, dealing with diagnostic radiology, and within a year by a third volume, covering most other aspects of medicine that utilize spectra from the ultraviolet through the visible into the near-infrared. The chapters in this book are divided into three groups. The first group deals with nuclear medicine and includes Chapters 1-8. These chapters are arranged to begin with a broad introduction to the subject (Chapter 1) followed by a sequence of four chapters (Chapters 2-5) that provide an in-depth review of the imaging instrumentation developed for the field. Chapter 6 deals with "evaluation" of imaging device per formance, while Chapters 7 and 8 discuss two areas of considerable re search activity.
This book documents how TeV gamma-ray astronomy painstakingly emerged from 20th century traditional cosmic-ray physics to become a keystone feature of contemporary high-energy astrophysics, fundamental to our understanding of high-energy cosmic processes and interactions. Contemporary TeV observations are based on the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique and in excess of two hundred individual galactic and extra-galactic gamma-ray sources have now been discovered and studied in detail.The book tells the story from the perspective of the Whipple Observatory collaboration, pioneers of the imaging technique. At the same time, parallel developments by the broader community are constantly referenced, discussed and evaluated, mainly in the TeV energy regime but also where relevant at PeV energies. The narrative traces the contributions of many important participants active in the field since the mid-1950s and critically evaluates and provides commentary on the progress of research until the first sources were established beyond doubt, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The final chapter presents a short summary of the contemporary status of TeV gamma-ray astronomy.Written predominantly from a historical perspective, the author guides readers through many decades of instrumental development and evolution, using only minimal mathematical background. This book will appeal to astrophysicists, particle physicists, traditional optical and radio astronomers, as well as others working across a variety of related cognate disciplines. It should be of interest and value to graduate students involved with contemporary fourth-generation TeV research programs such as CTA (Cherenkov Telescope Array).
For medical applications in proton therapy, a Compton camera system to image the gamma-ray emission during treatment was designed and investigated. Gamma rays and X-rays emitted during treatment illustrate the energy deposition along the path of the proton beams and provide an opportunity for online dose verification. This Compton camera is designed to be capable of imaging gamma rays in 3D and is one of the candidates for imaging gamma emission during the treatment of proton therapy beside of the approach of positron emission tomography. In order to meet the requirement for spatial resolution of approximately 5 mm or less to meaningfully verify the dose via imaging gamma rays of 511 keV to 2 MeV, position sensing techniques with pixilated LaBr3(Ce) crystal were applied in each detector. The pixilated LaBr3 (Ce) crystal was used in both the scattering and absorbing detectors. Image reconstruction algorithms of OS-EML were applied to obtain 3D images.