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Excerpt from Development of a Probability Based Load Criterion for American National Standard A58: Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures The proposed design process thus defines the appropriate limit states, and hence it is often named Limit States Design. Limit states design, in itself, is nothing fundamentally new but is a procedure which, in effect, requires the designer to consider explicitly several different modes of possible structural behavior during design. The particular method above also identifies resistance factors and load factors, and so it is called Load and Resistance Factor Design; it is one (of several) limit states design criteria formats. Broadly speaking, there are two types of limit states: (1) ultimate limit states under which the structure or component is judged to have failed in its capacity to carry load; and (2) serviceability limit states under which the function of the building is impaired. The recommendations in this report are confined to the ultimate limit states as these are of particular concern in standards and specifications which are intended to protect the public from physical harm. The recommended load and resistance factor design format which incorporates limit states, resistance factors, load factors and load combinations is a formalization of trends evident in many structural specifications in the United States. It provides a means whereby it is possible to achieve more uniform performance and reliability in structural design than is possible with just one factor of safety. This has long been recognized in reinforced concrete design. Current research in metal structures has also produced tentative rules which apply to steel, cold-formed steel, and aluminum structures. The' thesis of this report is that it is also desirable to provide common load combinations-and load factors which can be used in connection with all material specifications. This point will be elaborated upon subsequently. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Guidelines for Design of Low-Rise Buildings Subjected to Lateral Forces is a concise guide that identifies performance issues, concerns, and research needs associated with low-rise buildings. The book begins with an introduction that discusses special problems with low-rise buildings subjected to wind and earthquakes. Chapter 2 examines probabilistic methods and their use in evaluating risks from natural hazards. It also addresses the characteristics of wind and seismic forces and levels of risk implied by building codes. Wind forces are covered in more detail in Chapter 3, with discussions of wind force concepts and wind-structure interactions. Chapter 4 is devoted to earthquake forces and traces the development of building codes for earthquake resistant design. Chapter 5 describes the main framing systems used to resist lateral forces and discusses the code requirements for drift control. The designs and requirements for connections between building elements are addressed in Chapter 6. It includes examples along with several illustrations of suitable connections. The performance of non-structural elements during wind and earthquake forces is also examined in detail. This book serves as an important reference for civil engineers, construction engineers, architects, and anyone concerned with structural codes and standards. It is an excellent guide that can be used to supplement design recommendations and provide a design basis where there are no current requirements.
A How-To Guide for Bridge Engineers and Designers Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis provides a detailed discussion of traditional structural design perspectives, and serves as a state-of-the-art resource on the latest design and analysis of highway bridge superstructures. This book is applicable to highway bridges of all construction and material types, and is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) philosophy. It discusses the theory of probability (with an explanation leading to the calibration process and reliability), and includes fully solved design examples of steel, reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge superstructures. It also contains step-by-step calculations for determining the distribution factors for several different types of bridge superstructures (which form the basis of load and resistance design specifications) and can be found in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Fully Realize the Basis and Significance of LRFD Specifications Divided into six chapters, this instructive text: Introduces bridge engineering as a discipline of structural design Describes numerous types of highway bridge superstructures systems Presents a detailed discussion of various types of loads that act on bridge superstructures and substructures Discusses the methods of analyses of highway bridge superstructures Includes a detailed discussion of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges, and slab-steel girder bridges Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis can be used for teaching highway bridge design courses to undergraduate- and graduate-level classes, and as an excellent resource for practicing engineers.
Reliability of Structures enables both students and practising engineers to appreciate how to value and handle reliability as an important dimension of structural design. It discusses the concepts of limit states and limit state functions, and presents methodologies for calculating reliability indices and calibrating partial safety factors. It also