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Systems capable of simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have found both clinical and preclinical adoption, with a broad and expanding range of applications. Current preclinical PET/MRI systems demonstrate the maturity of MR compatible PET detectors and electronics but are not well suited for many of the emerging applications most relevant to simultaneous imaging. A PET/MRI system providing high detection sensitivity while maintaining the spatial resolution necessary for preclinical applications is necessary to bridge current applications for PET/MRI with future applications requiring quantitative and dynamic imaging. The objective of this work is to design, build, and demonstrate the imaging performance of a preclinical PET/MRI insert with detection sensitivity above 10%, targeted for quantitative and dynamic PET studies in rats and mice. Toward this end, we have developed a detector with 1.0 mm pitch and 20 mm thick lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) elements. To preserve spatial resolution across the PET field-of-view (FOV), the detector incorporates a dual-ended depth of interaction (DOI) encoding readout, achieving DOI resolution of 3.6 mm. To read out analog signals from the detector, we have developed compact electronics capable of digitizing signals within the bore of the MRI, minimizing cabling and electronic noise. Based on the optimized digitization circuit, we have built a highly integrated detector module containing four detector blocks and forty readout channels. The module showed excellent separation of the 1.0 mm crystal elements, energy resolution of 25%, and a timing resolution of 3.0 ns.Based on the single detector module, we have built a complete PET/MRI system consisting of sixteen modules. The insert fits within the standard gradient set of a Bruker Biospec 7T MRI, and can accommodate mouse whole body and rat brain imaging coils. Initial imaging results demonstrate approximately 11.4% sensitivity (350-650 kev energy window, point source), and separation of 2.4 mm rods in a Derenzo phantom before applying any corrections. These results support ongoing characterization, to ensure that the system described here is well suited for quantitative and dynamic imaging and other emerging applications for simultaneous preclinical PET/MRI.
Simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) has shown promise in acquiring complementary multiparametric information of diseases. However, designing these hybrid imaging systems is challenging due to the propensity for mutual interference between the PET and MRI sub-systems. In addition, the current high cost of permanently-integrated PET/MRI systems limits their long-term development and deployment, as well as patient accessibility. To overcome these limitations, we explored a brain-dedicated PET insert for an existing MRI system to achieve simultaneous PET/MRI. Because of its brain-dedicated design, this insert also provides superior spatial resolution and sensitivity compared to whole-body scanners. The second-generation prototype builds upon the success of the first-generation prototype, which demonstrated radio-frequency (RF)-penetrability and MR-compatibility. The new design includes additional features such as a longer axial field of view, time-of-flight (TOF) functionality, and improved portability, resulting in improved PET performance but presenting greater technical challenges for MR-compatibility. This thesis presents the development of the second-generation brain-dedicated PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI. Our objective is to achieve high levels of both PET performance and MR-compatibility. The detailed design, architecture, experiment setup, results and analysis of the second-generation brain-dedicated PET insert are presented, highlighting the progress towards realizing a cost-efficient and effective simultaneous PET/MRI system for neurological imaging.
This issue of PET Clinics focuses on PET/MRI: Advances in Instrumentation and Quantitative Procedures. Articles will include: Advances in clinical PET/MRI instrumentation; Magnetic resonance imaging-guided attenuation correction of positron emission tomography data in PET/MRI; Magnetic resonance imaging-guided partial volume correction of positron emission tomography data in PET/MRI; Magnetic resonance imaging-guided derivation of the input function for PET kinetic modeling; Innovations in small-animal PET/MRI instrumentation; Dual-modal PET/MRI molecular imaging probes; Magnetic resonance imaging-guided motion compensation of positron emission tomography data in PET/MRI; Attenuation correction for MR coils in combined PET/MR imaging; and more!
In this issue of PET Clinics, guest editors Drs. Abass Alavi, Habib Zaidi, and Suleman Surti bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Advances in Organ-specific PET Instrumentation and Their Clinical Applications. Top experts cover key topics such as the increasing use of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology, advances in depth-of-interaction (DOI) and time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors, the use of artificial intelligence technologies for detector development; and more. Contains 11 relevant, practice-oriented topics including advances in PET detectors and readout technologies; whole-gamma imaging; clinical applications of dedicated brain PET; clinical applications of dedicated breast PET; potential clinical applications of dedicated prostate PET; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on advances in organ-specific PET instrumentation and their clinical applications, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.
Combining medical imaging modalities that measure complementary, multi-parametric information such as anatomy and biochemistry about a patient's disease has been proven to provide tremendous clinical value. In recent years, hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has risen to the cutting edge of multi-modality medical imaging technology. Unfortunately, the cost of purchasing a commercially-available integrated PET/MRI scanner is unaffordable for most healthcare providers, therefore limiting the dissemination of PET/MRI and its long-term potential. This dissertation presents the development of a radio-frequency (RF)-penetrable PET insert that can be placed into any existing MRI system to acquire simultaneous PET and MRI images. The insert approach can reduce the cost barrier for an existing MRI site to offer PET/MRI scans by leveraging its existing infrastructure. A brain-sized prototype PET insert with a 2.8-cm axial field-of-view (FoV) has been developed and its performance (energy, timing, spatial, system stability, and count rate) evaluated. Tomographic images of resolution and 3-D Hoffman brain phantoms have been acquired with the PET insert both outside and inside and simultaneous running with a 3T MR system. A second-generation RF-penetrable PET insert with an extended axial field-of-view (16 cm) and a coincidence timing resolution (
This textbook is a practical guide to the use of small animal imaging in preclinical research that will assist in the choice of imaging modality and contrast agent and in study design, experimental setup, and data evaluation. All established imaging modalities are discussed in detail, with the assistance of numerous informative illustrations. While the focus of the new edition remains on practical basics, it has been updated to encompass a variety of emerging imaging modalities, methods, and applications. Additional useful hints are also supplied on the installation of a small animal unit, study planning, animal handling, and cost-effective performance of small animal imaging. Cross-calibration methods and data postprocessing are considered in depth. This new edition of Small Animal Imaging will be an invaluable aid for researchers, students, and technicians involved in research into and applications of small animal imaging.
The simultaneous acquisition of PET and MRI data shows promise to provide powerful capabilities to study disease processes in human subjects, guide the development of novel treatments, and monitor therapy response and disease progression. A brain-size PET detector ring insert for an MRI system is being developed that, if successful, can be inserted into any existing MRI system to enable simultaneous PET and MRI images of the brain to be acquired without mutual interference. The PET insert uses electro-optical coupling to relay all the signals from the PET detectors out of the MRI system using analog modulated lasers coupled to fiber optics. Because the fibers use light instead of electrical signals, the PET detector can be decoupled from the MRI making it partially transparent to the RF field of the MRI. Also, the number of laser-fiber channels in the system was reduced using techniques adapted from the field of compressed sensing. Using the fact that incoming PET data is sparse in time and space, electronic circuits implementing constant weight codes uniquely encode the detector signals in order to reduce the number of electro-optical readout channels by greater than 8-fold. Two out of a total of sixteen electro-optical detector modules have been built and tested with the entire RF-shielded detector gantry for the PET ring insert. The two detectors have been tested outside and inside of a 3T MRI system to study mutual interference effects and simultaneous performance with MRI. Preliminary results show that the PET insert is feasible for high resolution simultaneous PET/MRI imaging for applications in the brain.
This book examines the fundamental concepts of multimodality small-animal molecular imaging technologies and their numerous applications in biomedical research. Driven primarily by the widespread availability of various small-animal models of human diseases replicating accurately biological and biochemical processes in vivo, this is a relatively new yet rapidly expanding field that has excellent potential to become a powerful tool in biomedical research and drug development. In addition to being a powerful clinical tool, a number of imaging modalities including but not limited to CT, MRI, SPECT and PET are also used in small laboratory animal research to visualize and track certain molecular processes associated with diseases such as cancer, heart disease and neurological disorders in living small animal models of disease. In vivo small-animal imaging is playing a pivotal role in the scientific research paradigm enabling to understand human molecular biology and pathophysiology using, for instance, genetically engineered mice with spontaneous diseases that closely mimic human diseases.