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This book analyses the development challenge faced by Latin America at a time at which the concerns for the large inequality in the region are at a peak. This volume focuses on growth-with-equity, and is written by an outstanding group of Latin American and international researchers and policy-makers.
Why has an economy that has done so many things right failed to grow fast? Under-Rewarded Efforts traces Mexico’s disappointing growth to flawed microeconomic policies that have suppressed productivity growth and nullified the expected benefits of the country’s reform efforts. Fast growth will not occur doing more of the same or focusing on issues that may be key bottlenecks to productivity growth elsewhere, but not in Mexico. It will only result from inclusive institutions that effectively protect workers against risks, redistribute towards those in need, and simultaneously align entrepreneurs’ and workers’ incentives to raise productivity.
Kevin Watkins analyses the manner in which the economies of East Asia have attained high economic growth rates and managed to share the prosperity widely. A caveat is included as some groups have been excluded from these benefits on ethnic grounds.
Despite various reform efforts, Mexico has experienced economic stability but little growth. Today more than half of all Mexican workers are employed informally, and one out of every four is poor. Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes argues that incoherent social programs significantly contribute to this state of affairs and it suggests reforms to improve the situation. Over the past decade, Mexico has channeled an increasing number of resources into subsidizing the creation of low-productivity, informal jobs. These social programs have hampered growth, fostered illegality, and provided erratic protection to workers, trapping many in poverty. Informality has boxed Mexico into a dilemma: provide benefits to informal workers at the expense of lower growth and reduced productivity or leave millions of workers without benefits. Former finance official Santiago Levy proposes how to convert the existing system of social security for formal workers into universal social entitlements. He advocates eliminating wage-based social security contributions and raising consumption taxes on higher-income households to simultaneously increase the rate of growth of GDP, reduce inequality, and improve benefits for workers. Go od Intentions, Bad Outcomes considers whether Mexico can build on the success of Progresa-Oportunidades, a targeted poverty alleviation program that originated in Mexico and has been replicated in over 25 countries as well as in New York City. It sets forth a plan to reform social and economic policy, an essential element of a more equitable and sustainable development strategy for Mexico.
In light of the power strategies in play in the new geopolitics of economic and ecological globalization, there is need for critical analysis of how the agenda of sustainable development is being conceived, shaped, and implemented. This volume considers issues of equity and development in the US-Mexico border region?and highlights the fact that regions at the juncture of the industrial and developing worlds most clearly illustrate the problems inherent in current economic paradigms. Jane Clough-Riquelme is a regional planner with the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG). Her work focuses on borders planning, including tribal liaison and binational and interregional planning with neighboring jurisdictions. Nora L. Bringas Rabago is research professor in the Department of Urban and Environmental Studies, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, in Tijuana.CONTENTS: Testing the Limits of Equity and Sustainable Development in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands?the Editors. The Johannesburg Summit: Implications for the Americas?E. Leff. Toward Sustainable Development in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region?J. Friedmann. Cross-Border Regionalism and Sustainability: Contributions of Critical Regional Ecology?K. Pezzoli. Rethinking Urban Ecologies: Cultural Barriers to Sustainable Development??L.A. Herzog. Urban Structure and Social Segregation in Tijuana?T. Alegria. Counting the Environment In: Considerations of the Risk of Hazardous Maquiladora Waste?K. Kopinak. Social Vulnerability and Disaster Risk in Tijuana: Preliminary Findings?N.L. Bringas R. and R.. Sanchez R.. Environment, Poverty, and Gender: Using and Managing Environmental Resources in a Tijuana Colonia?R. Gaxiola Aldama. Acquiring Knowledge and Improving Environmental Policy: A Binational Agenda for Civic Organizations?B. Verduzco Chavez. Environmental Justice and San Diego County Tribes?M.C. Miskwish. Youth and Educating for Sustainability on the Border: Imagining the Future Citizens of Baja California?A. Monsivais and L. Silvan. NGOs, Environment, and Gender in Tijuana?S. Lopez Estrada. Accessible Information Technology for Equitable Community Planning?A.H. Lam, L.M. Norman, and A.J. Donelson. Cross-Border Policy Collaboration in the San Diego?Tijuana Metropolitan Area: Where Do We Go from Here? ?J. Clough-Riquelme. Equity and Justice in Binational Environmental Policy?Stephen P. Mumme. Looking Ahead: Equity in the U.S.-Mexico Border?R.L. Bach.
In 1997, Mexico launched a new incentive-based poverty reduction program to enhance the human capital of those living in extreme poverty. This book presents a case study of Progresa-Oportunidades, focusing on the main factors that have contributed to the program's sustainability, policies that have allowed it to operate at the national level, and future challenges.
Around the world, there are concerns that many tax codes are biased against women, and that contemporary tax reforms tend to increase the incidence of taxation on the poorest women while failing to generate enough revenue to fund the programs needed to improve these women's lives. Because taxes are the key source of revenue governments themselves raise, understanding the nature and composition of taxation and current tax reform efforts is key to reducing poverty, providing sufficient revenue for public expenditure, and achieving social justice. This is the first book to systematically examine gender and taxation within and across countries at different levels of development. It presents original research on the gender dimensions of personal income taxes, and value-added, excise, and fuel taxes in Argentina, Ghana, India, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa, Uganda and the United Kingdom. This book will be of interest to postgraduates and researchers studying Public Finance, International Economics, Development Studies, Gender Studies, and International Relations, among other disciplines.
Papers commissioned for the Yale/Mexico Conference (New Haven, April, 1989) are organized around four themes: the economic and socio-political context; contemporary macroeconomic issues; alternative development strategies, and; financial sector reform agenda.