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Many countries in Africa and Asia have coastlines that present opportunities for them to become gateways for trade between the hinterlands and global trading routes. However, policy makers struggle to translate this potential into engines of economic development and social transformation. In the past 40 years, China has taken advantage of its strategic geographical location and its status as one of the world’s top manufacturing regions. From a very low position on almost all metrics, today China has become home to more than half of the world’s top 50 ports. The rapid development of China’s ports was critical for the country’s remarkable economic growth. What China achieved can be informative; how and why China revived and modernized its port sector is especially relevant and provides valuable lessons for other countries. This book explores the transformation of China’s port sector through four topics and four periods, beginning with China’s major economic reforms that started in 1978. The first topic addresses the links between China’s macroeconomic and regional development strategies and development of the port sector. During this period—through about 1991—China began decentralizing port management to facilitate development of special economic zones. Thesecond topic—during the period 1992 through about 2001—is more specific about the ports and analyzes changes in port governance, including the way in which essential investments were determined and financed. Thethird topic examines the relationship of ports to the cities where they are located and to the hinterlands on which they depend—coinciding with the period 2002†“11. Domestic and international investment resulted in many new export-oriented processing factories during this period. The accompanying boost in trade required further expansion of port capacity. The fourth topic addresses how—from 2011 onward—human resource and innovation policies in the port sector have responded to changing demands as the country looks to become a less resource-dependent and more regionally balanced economy.
This book summarizes the opening up of ports and the development process of China in different periods, which since as far away as the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, include ancient times, modern times, and contemporary periods, a history of about 3000 years. It reveals that under the joint action of internal and external forces since modern times, the opening up of ports in China has expanded from coastal areas to border and inland areas along the echelon. The development of ports opening up and foreign economy and trade have profoundly affected the process of Chinese modernization. It also reveals that the Chinese nation, which since modern times began had endured so much for so long, has been through hardship and adversity but has achieved a tremendous transformation--it has stood up, grown rich, and become strong. The port is the strategic port for China to realize interconnections with neighbouring countries and the countries along the Belt and Road, and occupies an important strategic position in the process of constructing a new pattern of opening up to the world and a new pattern of new era in China. Ports are an essential part of the Belt and Road.
Hong Kong's one great physical asset is its port. Throughout the one hundred and thirty years of the Colony's history its economy has depended to an important degree on this asset. In this book Dr T. N. Chiu describes and explains the pattern of port development in Hong Kong, where he sees the present structure of port activities as the product of a long period of economic, demographic and political developments. One of the most persistent themes is that in the laissez-faire economic environment that has prevailed in the Colony, port development is due less to internal demand than to external stimulant, which keeps changing the port's relative locational value. Development since the industrialization of the 1950S represents the culminating stage in the struggle to stay high in the emerging hierarchy of ports. The author gives a balanced estimate of what has been accomplished and evaluates the planning of specialized port development in the context of the recent technological revolution in port activities. Hong Kong's economy has in common with the trend in most developing economies a firm orientation towards overseas markets, but the more or less unique circumstance in the Colony make this book particularly welcome. It will be of interest to geographers, to all concerned with the ways in which a developing economy adjusts to changing conditions, and to those with a particular interest in the phenomenal development of Hong Kong.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been growing rapidly and become the hope of many leastdeveloped and developing countries around the world. However, many BRI investments have become the focus of criticism and concerns over China’s political and strategic purposes, debttrap, poor governance and corruption, and low-quality development. This thesis aims at clarifying the validity of these accusations and revealing factors influencing the performance of BRI investments, in order to give practical and applicable policy recommendations to partners of the BRI. To fulfil this goal, eleven BRI port investments in Southeast Asia that were approved between January 2010 and December 2018 were examined using the goal-achievement evaluation. This analysis model was implemented in three major steps, including identifying goals, setting criteria and assessing possible impacts of interventions. The evaluations of port projects in Southeast Asia revealed that almost all criticisms towards the BRI were justified, except for debt-trap. However, the validity of the remaining criticisms was different between the six worst projects that failed in almost all criteria and the five successful projects that only failed in less than two criteria. The in-depth analysis identified that political appropriateness was the dominant factor influencing the overall performance of port projects. Another major finding is that the worst projects received the biggest investments from China and the highest level of support from recipients, while witnessing the highest level of China’s control. The research has also shown that China’s propaganda and assertiveness of promoting the BRI were consistent with its efforts to restart and rebrand ports that were built before the announcement of the initiative. The study of China and its partners’ motives pointed out that the failure of BRI port projects was the result of recipients’ corruption and over-dependence on China; and China wanted control of failed projects to pursue its political and strategic interests. This research suggests three courses of actions for recipients to make BRI port investments successful and avoid negative impacts: (i) maintaining economic and political independence when negotiating with China; (ii) developing well-designed approaches and a comprehensive master plan to ensure effectiveness, and (iii) securing political appropriateness with centralized and transparent monitoring.
Ports in Proximity provides an overview of key contemporary research in the field through a broad range of international case studies. The concepts of strategic management, supply chain management, port and transport economics and economic and transport geography are applied throughout the book to offer an in-depth understanding of the processes underlying spatial and functional dynamics in port systems. The opportunities for cooperation between competing adjacent ports is examined while the avenues for further joint research are identified, setting an agenda for further study.
Report for 1822-1891 includes sundry maps and a sketch plan of each port; also statistical tables relating to the foreign trade of China.