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Nitrogen (N) fertilizer decisions are difficult for turfgrass managers because few tools or soil tests exist to assess N availability or requirements. This study proposed a new N fertilization strategy by building turfgrass growth prediction models using machine learning algorithms. The study was performed on two sand-based putting green root zones, and a series of experiments were conducted to quantify how foot traffic, soil moisture, and N fertilization affected bentgrass growth and tissue N content. Bentgrass tissue N ranged from 2.5% to 5% with an average of 3.9% across several years, root zones, and experiments. N fertilization was the most important factor for predicting bentgrass tissue N content, while weather and management practices were only weakly or not correlated with tissue N. Next, several inputs, including 7-day weather variables, traffic intensity, soil moisture content, N fertilization rate, and normalized difference red edge (NDRE) vegetation index were used to predict growth using machine learning techniques. The random forest (RF) algorithm was the most suitable among several. The best RF model had an R2 of 0.64 on the training dataset and an R2 of 0.47 on the validation dataset. The prediction model was not effective when used to predict growth from bentgrass grown at a different location, but training the model with growth data from that location resulted in accurate growth predictions (R2 = 0.74). To test the ability of this growth prediction model for guiding fertilization decisions, a two-year study compared RF-guided N fertilization with three other N application strategies including 1) PACE Turf Growth Potential model; 2) an experience-based method for applying N fertilizer, and 3) the experience-based method guided by NDRE. The proposed machine learning method reduced fertilizer use compared to two of the three methods while maintaining acceptable or better turfgrass quality. In conclusion, golf courses can create customized growth prediction models using clipping volume and weather and other easy to obtain inputs. This model would be quite useful for determining N requirements of creeping bentgrass putting greens and has an advantage over other N fertilization methods because it is rooted in the N cycle.
For efficient turfgrass management it is imperative to have an understanding of the fundamentals of turfgrass growth and management. This book presents the fundamental concepts, tools and techniques of turfgrass management in an easy to understand style to the home lawn growers, amateur gardeners, professional landscape architects, sports turf managers, turfgrass nursery developers, horticulturists and students of turfgrass science. The book can serve as a basic guide to all who are involved in turfgrass infrastructure planning, designing and maintenance. The moment one gives close attention to anything, even a blade of grass, it becomes a mysterious, awesome, indescribably magnificent world in itself. Grass is the forgiveness of nature - her constant benediction. Forests decay, harvests perish, flowers vanish, but grass is immortal. Grass is the cheapest plant to install and the most expensive to maintain. Sedges have edges, and rushes are round, grasses are hollow. What have you found? Fertilizer does no good in a heap, but a little spread around works miracles all over. By means of water, we give life to everything.
FUNDAMENTALS OF TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT THE PREMIER TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK—UPDATED AND EXPANDED Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management is the longstanding authority on all aspects of the science and practices behind world-class turfgrass care. This fully revised Fifth Edition comes enriched by two new authors who share their cutting-edge research and real-world expertise on such topics as growth, soil testing, nutrition, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Coverage throughout is refreshed with new illustrations and charts, as well as: Expanded coverage on professional lawn care programs, including cool-season and warm-season turfgrasses, establishing methods and costs, cultivation, sand topdressing, and more Enhanced material on the most up-to-date thinking and practices in weed management Brand-new chapters on the environmental, economic, and quality-of-life benefits of well-maintained turf, as well as the influence of light on turf health Whether you’re earning a degree or a paycheck, Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management, Fifth Edition remains the most complete, respected guidebook of solutions for developing and maintaining the finest-standards of turfgrass.
Based on the successful seminar offered through the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, Applied Turfgrass Science and Physiology cuts right to the authoritative information and know-how that will keep any turf area in optimal condition. Readers get an overview of turfgrasses, the characteristics of different varieties of turfgrasses; a look at plant responses to drought, temperature extremes, and shade stresses; and a comprehensive review of the latest information on how irrigation, mowing, fertilization, cultivation, and plant growth regulators and bio-stimulants affect turfgrass response to stresses and pests. Case studies and more than 165 illustrations reinforce text.
Turfgrass Soil Fertility and Chemical Problems is the best single-source, practical management tool that will help you overcome every fertility management challenge you face! Turfgrass Soil Fertility and Chemical problems will: * Help you pinpoint the effectiveness of fertilizer programs to ensure turfgrass quality, water quality, and environmental integrity * Help you understand a multitude of turfgrass species and cultivars and their complex nutrient responses or requirements * Explains site-specific fertilization, covering issues such as establishment on poor quality soils and the use of low-quality irrigation water * Show you how fertilization is important for environmental, traffic, and stress tolerance, as well as recovery * Show you how to apply the interpretation of soil, tissue, and water-quality test information in the development of fertilization regimes
Inspired by the author's long-running seminar "Golf Course Maintenance for the Club Manager," this reference offers a wealth of common sense, practical solutions and tips to golf course superintendents and other turf management professionals.
Water is an increasingly valuable and limited resource, often perceived as being wasted on turfgrass. This much-anticipated second edition brings clear, current, science-based information on turfgrass management and water conservation to turf managers and researchers alike. Inside you’ll find a look at the current understanding of water use as well as new technologies being researched to reduce water use by turfgrass. Attention is paid to water quality and turfgrass as a key part of the urban environment, how integrating turfgrass with other landscape uses of water can be part of a conservation plan, and how various water qualities, including reclaimed water, can be part of a management plan. Chapters also cover •advances in drought, heat, and salinity stress tolerance •the role of water in modified root zone media and native soils •water management technologies •considerations for construction and management of urban green spaces including parks and golf courses •water depletion, pesticide and nutrient runoff A chapter summarizing the practical application of the science in each chapter rounds out the text, presenting the information in an immediately useable format. Includes 10 tables and figures, 20 color photos, a U.S. customary to metric conversion table, and an 8-page glossary.
Turfgrasses are used for many purposes such as golf courses, sports fields, and a variety of commercial and homeowner settings. Many other uses include other recreational activities, functional uses such as roadsides and airports, and for a variety of erosion control activities. Successful turfgrass management does not occur by chance. This book provides the in-depth knowledge and understanding of the science needed to accomplish this. Units (chapters) are arranged so as to build upon previous ones to help improve the reader’s understanding of the science and art of successful turfgrass management.